Away Essay Essay

Discoveries and discovering can offer new understandings and renewed perceptions of ourselves and others. This is evident in Away by Michael Gow which focuses on aspects of discovery including realisations within oneself which can uncover further perceptions of ourselves or others. Gow also includes concepts based on the idea that the recognition that death is inevitable forces people to discover the meaning of life. Emotional turmoil and heartbreak may be a catalyst for discovery and acceptance of a situation and similarly, it must be discovered that healing can occur through love and reconciliation. Realisations within oneself can uncover further perceptions of ourselves or others. During the play â€Å"Away†, Gow portrays Gwen as a distraught woman as she has a meltdown. This is as a result of her obsession with social status, wealth and material possessions which has turned her into a cynical, angry woman. Gwen’s initial realisation occurs when Vic, who saw a lost woman in Gwen, suggests a walk and uses the inclusive pronoun â€Å"us girls† to provide a gentle approach. Walking is used by Gow as a catalyst but also a metaphor for progress and change. The walk up the beach helps Gwen to realise the elements of life are more important than her concerns over wealth and after being unable to take the BEX powder, she is no longer able to find consolation in such simplistic solutions which implies that Gwen has come to the realisation for more sophisticated thinking. The BEX powder is a symbol for Gwen’s attempt to artificially create happiness. â€Å"I want to take it and I can’t†. Gow has expressed the discovery of Gwen as very confronting yet rewarding as these new perceptions of herself lead to new perceptions of her relationship with her family and others. The recognition that death is inevitable forces people to discover the meaning of life. Coral is battling with the loss of her son in the Vietnam War, which also portrays a controversial issue at the same time. Coral’s detached attitude to life clashes her ironic statements, such as â€Å"aren’t we lucky to live in such a rich country† and â€Å"there is a price to be paid of course†. The play within a play is a cathartic experience for Coral. â€Å"I’m walking, I’m walking, I’m walking† is shown in a metaphorical and literal sense and symbolises the evident reconciliation with herself and for her son’s death. Tom has made a significant impact in Coral’s life which has caused her to change her perspective and reconcile with Her interaction with Tom  and the recognition that he will die allows Coral to overcome her intense mourning. Emotional turmoil and heartbreak may be a catalyst for discovery and acceptance of a situation. Harry and Vic are hoping the camping trip will help them overcome the shock of learning that Tom will die. â€Å"A few weeks just with ourselves. Just with you. It’ll be good.† Tom and his parents have accepted his inevitable death; however, there is still uncomfortableness between them in some situations. â€Å"Harry: when you’ve got your own family- Tom: do you want a drink or not?† In this scene, Gow uses the pause in Harry’s dialogue to the show the tension which has been created. Their tent symbolises their social status but also their lack of concern for material possessions as they are more focused on improving their relationships and spending time together. This makes them a happier family than the other two presented in the play. It must be discovered that healing can occur through love and reconciliation. Roy has been in conflict with Coral over her â€Å"strange† behaviour as he feels it is affecting his professional standing in the community. After losing a son in the Vietnam War, Roy has been impacted deeply but has, however, moved on whereas Coral is weighed down with a continuing grief which has caused struggle within the relationship. â€Å"Do you want me to arrange shock treatment?† Roy is obviously irritated with Coral’s detached and â€Å"ghostly† behaviour but it is not until Coral discovers reconciliation that she finds her happiness. During the dumb show, there is a visual representation of reconciliation as Roy buries his head in the shells and kisses Coral’s hands to symbolise the resolution of conflict. Therefore, discoveries and discovering can offer new understandings of renewed perceptions of ourselves and others as shown evidently within Away by Michael Gow. Gow has demonstrated a use of concepts within the play which reflect a theme of discovery as they can offer new understandings of ourselves and others, leading to renewed values and ideas and future possibilities. This is shown within the relationships between characters throughout the play, including Roy and Coral who find reconciliation portrayed in the hat of shells, Harry and Vic who discover and accept the inevitable death of their son and Gwen who, within herself, rediscovers happiness which allows a new perception of her relationship with her family and others.

A Study About Netherlands Architecture Essay

The civilization of Americans comes from a conglobation of many different civilizations that were either here or emigrated from other states. I have a big part of my lineage from Dutch heritage shacking the Netherlands. In researching how the Dutch people are I have found that a big part of the values that I have been taught are really Dutch ideals. These are values like humbleness, friendliness ( Although they are reserved publicly doing them sometimes seem unfriendly to foreigners. ) and understating being showy with wealth. They have a really high value on difficult being a difficult worker, and independent. Of the values that Dutch people are taught that have non been a focal point during my upbringing are honesty, and modestness. I was taught that it was acceptable to air your wealth and that it is sometimes necessary to be dishonest to acquire what you want. Dutch value promptness, privateness, and instruction which are all marks of a higher value of self-denial they posses. They sometimes come off as pushy because they have strong sentiments and will voice them. They will publically debate things they value as unfairnesss if they believe that the topic is of import plenty. I ‘m non certain why my Dutch ascendants left The Netherlands but research suggests that the ground most Dutch people left their place was because of the chances that were available in the United States. Often people left other states due to some kind of battle with the authorities or poorness, but the Dutch had a relatively good place in The Netherlands to some of the other states in Europe. Still? Most Dutch came to America merely because they calculated that the hereafter promised more prosperity for them and their kids in America than in Holland. The Dutch were of all time â€Å" household, religion, and farming † advocators. And the Dutch? as opposed to the Puritans? enjoyed the mercenary and animal amenitiess in life that their hard-earned money bought. I believe that if my ascendants left the Netherland due to some hardship, so my household would hold been able to state me about it. When thought of landmarks of the Netherlands the windmills the state is so celebrated for ever come to mind, but there are other landmarks excessively. Koninklijk Paleis ( Royal Palace ) another popular landmark was originally created to be used as a town hall in the mid seventeenth century. Koninklijk Paleis is now largely used as a tourer attractive force. European manners are popular in the Netherlands, and in maintaining with the high value of organisation the Dutch have normally wear neatly kept, fashionable vesture. The traditional wooden places are about ne'er worn any longer by anybody except husbandmans. Farmers wear them because they protect the wearer? s pess from wet and soil better than leather places do. Some of the more iconic features of the Netherlands geographics semen from the fact that? a big part of the land has been reclaimed from the sea. The Netherlands has a largely level geographics, and 27 per centum of it is below sea degree. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/dykes.htm ) Of celebrated people from the Netherlands Vincent new wave Gogh is one of the most recognizable. Van Gogh is known internationally as a major subscriber to modern art. The Dutch pattern Agriculture in a figure of ways. Major Agricultural harvests include murphies, wheat, and maize. Potatos are grown in about all of the countries that have sufficient farmable land, and the husbandmans that grow murphies as a harvest usage big machines to make their agriculture. These machines include big tractors for ploughing the lands, monolithic reapers for when their harvests have grown and Shakerss to free the soil off the murphy harvests. Other engineering used to farm murphies includes the irrigation systems that H2O the harvests and manure spreaders to fertilise the land. The division of labour that is used on murphy farms is based on accomplishment. The proprietors of the farm, people who set up irrigation systems and big equipment operators are all skilled workers. The people who are unskilled do minor labour undertakings around the farm such as screening out quality murphies from bad 1s, and the people who clean the murphies. Industrialism exists in The Netherlands in the signifier of auto, vesture, chemical and electrical machinery makers. The engineering used in auto fabrication includes mills where they build them, which have automatons, forklifts, and computing machines that all combine in the procedure of fabricating a auto. The division of labour in auto mills is done by accomplishment. The skilled employees of the auto mills are the Directors that are in authorization, forklift mechanics, robotic plans, sellers, advertizers and computing machine information analysts. The skilled workers have experience in the field based on figure of old ages, and or the sum of instruction they have received. Unskilled workers in a auto mill include line operators, janitorial workers, and forklift operators. Some degree of gardening is practiced in the Netherlands. They are known for their flowers but they besides use gardening to reap grapes, apples and cherries. Flowers are the Netherlands most celebrated usage of gardening. The Netherlands really hosts the largest flower market in the universe in Aalsmeer. In 1995, Dutch agriculturists produced over 8 billion blooms and the flower auctions jointly traded more than 5.4 billion guldens ( about $ 3.2 billion ) in cut flowers and potted workss, lending over 4 billion guldens yearly to the Dutch balance of trade. When flower plantsmans in the Netherlands works their flowers they use shovels to works the seeds. It takes a few yearss work to acquire some of the largest flower gardens planted. When the flowers have bloomed they use manus held cutters to cut the roots of the flower the arrange them into pots and assorted cosmetic corsages. They besides have simple pails filled with H2O to H2O the flowers. In the flower gardens the division of labour is done by accomplishment. It is normally the proprietor of the flower store who does the combine of the different flowers into corsages. The proprietor is the most skilled worker in the garden. The unskilled workers in the garden would be the people who works the seeds with their shovels and trowels. The same people who works the seeds are normally the same 1s who gather the flowers once they bloom, and do so utilizing manus powered cutters so conveying them to the individual who is responsible for seting them into corsages. The Netherlands is known for their usage of sheep in their vesture, but other animate beings are raised excessively. The elevation of cattles, hogs, and caprine animals are other illustrations of pastoralism. The people of the Netherlands usage merchandises from animate beings in their vesture and for nutrient. They besides use the animate beings themselves as a nutrient beginning such as the usage of butchered cattles and hogs for their meat. The method of raising animate beings in the Netherlands is done utilizing pastoralism. When a sheep pastoralist is turning sheep they use fencings to maintain the sheep from running off, they besides make common usage of barns to protect the sheep from conditions when they are non on the grazing land. To hydrate the sheep they use troughs filled with H2O, and the sheep provender themselves with grass from the grazing land. The chief usage of sheep in the Netherlands is for their pelt. The pelt on a sheep is cut off by husbandmans by garnering a sheep with sufficient pelt growing so the pelt is cut of utilizing razors and scissors, cleaned with coppices that have metal pins that stretch the wool, so whirl into narration utilizing big machines. The division of labour on the wool farms is done by accomplishment. The individual who owns the farm is the highest skilled individual on the farm and is normally the most experient. The proprietor is the 1 who supervises the other workers on the farm as they tend to the more simple undertakings designated for less skilled persons. The less skilled workers on the farms do undertakings such as make fulling the H2O troughs and garnering sheep to hold their fur cut. As in many other countries of the universe the people of the Netherlands usage Electronic Information Technology as a major subsistence scheme. Electronic Information Technology is used extensively in the Netherlands to maintain path of information such as banking, in libraries, instruction records, and touristry. Banking makes a heavy usage of Electronic Information Technology. The Bankss in the Netherlands usage computing machines hardware, package, hard currency registries, debit cards, money counters, and the cyberspace. The Banking is done with electronic and physical mediums where people desiring to pass money and hard currency cheques can travel to a bank Teller who so counts the money utilizing their custodies or a money counter, inputs the sum of hard currency withdrawn or deposited into a computing machine which has package that keeps path of history balances. The computing machine is connected to the cyberspace which enables other Bankss in to maintain path of the individuals account. When the individual has the money deposited they can pass the money in their history at shops and their money will be withdrawn accurately from their checking history. The division of labour at Bankss in the Netherlands is done by accomplishment. The most skilled people in a bank are the Managers. These people have accountant grades and old ages of experience in the banking field. The unskilled workers of the Bankss are the bank Tellers who normally have a grade in accounting but lack the experience of the more skilled directors. Other unskilled workers include security guards that protect hard currency when it is being transported, or janitors that clean the bank. Unskilled bank workers normally have a limited instruction merely a few old ages experience. Every field I have discussed combines a few or all of the subsistence schemes I have discussed. An illustration of this is the murphy husbandmans who use agribusiness as their chief subsistence scheme, but they combine other 1s to a lesser grade. For case the murphy husbandmans will utilize Electronic Information Technology to maintain path of the sum of murphies that they grow for different seasons, so compare the different growings to seek and better their harvests for the following season. The Netherlands employs a Centralized political system because they yield their sovereignty to a centralised monarchy every bit good as a democracy. The monarchy of the Netherlands is given power by birth but is non a major force of power in the Netherlands, and is largely for ceremonial intents. The monarchy has a minimum sum of power over the legislator. The monarchy usually merely subject measures to the legislator. The holders of the power in the Netherlands are the household of the monarchy which is merely legitimized through faith. The democracy of the Netherlands is legitimized by elections which are done locally utilizing Electronic Information Technology. The people who are allowed to vote are all citizens of the Netherlands above the age of 18. The constabulary force of the Netherlands is divided into divisions that are run by a Head Commissioner who manages the forces. There are many Head Commissioners throughout the Netherlands that all run a individual territory. The territories are divided into parts. The sum of single constabulary forces in the country is comparative to the sum of offense and population in the country. There are about 55,000 constabularies employees functioning in the Netherlands. There is besides a royal constabulary force in the Netherlands known as the Royal Marechaussee. The Marechaussee force was created by King William the 1st to protect and administrate the will and people of the sovereign, but they are now used as boundary line constabulary, military constabulary and for guard responsibilities. The biggest type of reciprocality used in the Netherlands is negative reciprocality. This is done with a pecuniary system. The currency used in the Netherlands is the Euro, so money gained in the Netherlands is functional all over Europe. The Netherlands employs market exchange based on supply and demand, so when something is in demand the monetary value of it goes up. Fresh grapes in the off season are more expensive than they are in crop season because they are less available and harder to obtain. The Netherlands uses value added exchange in the economic sciences. An illustration of the usage of value added exchange is when a individual goes to the shop to purchase an apple the shop charges more for the apple than they do paid for it themselves. The shop is doing usage of negative reciprocality to derive a net income. There are some facets of socialism in the Netherlands. Thingss such as health care and route revenue enhancements are illustrations of socialistic patterns. The healt h care in the Netherlands is really high quality but most people buy their ain health care insurance, but there is subsidised health care for people who are considered low income. If you are traveling to make concern in the Netherlands it is of import for you to be on clip. The Dutch are organized so they feel that even being a few proceedingss tardily is highly unprofessional. The Dutch value their relationships over clip and anticipate honestness in people? s concern patterns. When person in the Netherlands does concern with you they are usually seeking to acquire trueness and repetition concern. Christian religion is the largest faith followed in the Netherlands, so most of citizens are monotheistic and believe in the individual God that Christianity does. The largest faith is Roman Catholicism, whose disciples make up to 31 per centum of the population. The Dutch pattern Christian holidays such as Christmas and Easter with traditions of the vacations dwelling of spiritual rites. The honestness and humbleness that Catholicism encourages is evident in the cordial reception that the Dutch exhibit in a private environment in their places, every bit good as their concern patterns. Monogamy is the matrimony pattern that is supported in the Netherlands, this is a consequence of the Roman Catholic faith that is the largest faith in the Netherlands. When people get married in the Netherlands they choose their spouses by dating for usually old ages at a clip. They usually marry in their economic category, and ethnicity because they have a difficult clip meeting and relating to people from other categories or ethnicities. When people get married they do so because they are in love with each other and one time they marry they live in nonlocal homes. They still maintain contact with their drawn-out households but live with their atomic households. Normally the visit or are visited by their drawn-out households during vacations and particular occasions. Decent is traced through patrialiange because when people get married they get the name of the male line. Peoples refer to their family by gender where siblings are Brothers being male and Sisters being female. Parents are? Mother? which is female and? Father? which male. Peopless siblings kids are called Nieces for females and Nephews for males. In the Netherlands there are upper, in-between and lower category people who are divided by the size of their fiscal income. The largest category is the centers category which makes up more than half of the population of the Netherlands. The unemployment rate in the Netherlands is 4.2 per centum. I interviewed my brother who had spent a summer in Europe and visited Amsterdam for a weekend trip, and found that the most interesting thing to me that he talked about was the nutrient. He talked about how they cooked truly delightful home-style nutrients and that every eating house he visited tasted like he had a repast that was made merely for him. He said that the old edifice even houses added a batch of character to the architecture that you don t usually see in the United States. My brother was really able to see the Heineken Brewery in Amsterdam although he was non able to acquire a circuit. He said that the night life was really pretty urban which came as a surprise to me because I was anticipating to hold a more conservative attitude. My brother suspected that it was because of the metropolis and people he was remaining with that he had this experience. He besides noted that people ride their motorcycles far more frequently in Amsterdam than do here in the United States, whi ch he said was because they don? Ts have to worry so much about parking. He said that there were eating houses that you could order Pot in, and that it was acceptable and legal to smoke it. I found it interesting that a civilization that frequently characterizes itself with honestness and humbleness had such broad positions on drugs.Bibliographyâ€Å" Amsterdam Information Video Tour. † YouTube.com. 26 Dec. 2006. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youtube.com/ & A ; gt ; . â€Å" Amsterdamn Landmarks and Amsterdam Mounuments. † World Guides.com. Web. 6 Apr. 2010. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.world-guides.com/ & A ; gt ; . â€Å" Economy of the Netherlands. † Wikipedia.com. Web. 7 Apr. 2010. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page & A ; gt ; . â€Å" Floral Industry. † Wikipedia.com. Web. 7 Apr. 2010. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page & A ; gt ; . â€Å" Geography of the Netherlands. † Wikipedia.com. Web. 1 Apr. 2010. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page & A ; gt ; . Gormley, Myra Vanderpool. â€Å" The Duch Touch Upon America. † Genealogymagazine.com. Web. 1 Apr. 2010. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.genealogymagazine.com/index.html & A ; gt ; . â€Å" Royal Marechaussee. † Wikipedia.com. Web. 3 Apr. 2010. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page & A ; gt ; . â€Å" Vote in National Elections – the Netherlands. † AngloInfo. 8 Apr. 2010. Web. 5 Apr. 2010. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //hollandsouth.angloinfo.com/ & A ; gt ; .

Moral Living Synoptic Question Essay

In this essay it is my intention to examine the theme of moral living within the Old Testament and the Celtic Church. Morality refers to ethical issues. It is the quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct. It is a system of ideas of right and wrong conduct. There are two interlinked themes of religious morality and social morality under moral living. The foundation of moral living within the Old Testament is the Sinai Covenant. Whereas, the basis of morality in Celtic Church is Saint Patrick; his moral base was always routed in his scriptural beliefs. Moses, for example, made a covenant with Yahweh on Mount Sinai, the principles from which are the foundation for the Judah Christian faith today, where he received the Ethical Decalogue (10 Commandments). As Drane states, â€Å"the commands were essentially moral requirements. Honesty, truth and justice were more important to Yahweh than the performance of religious rites.† Love of God and Love of Neighbour were the two commandments at the core of the Ethical Decalogue. The first three commandments central religious morality however, the last seven focus on Love of Neighbour and Social Morality. Winward states, â€Å"no man could be in a right relationship with God who was not in a right relationship with his fellow men.† The people of Israel had an obligation as the chosen people to obey the Ethical Decalogue. Abraham was called by God to give up his polytheistic ways. God promised Abraham that he would never give up on him. As Heinsch states, â€Å"he had to journey to a foreign land alone trusting in God’s guidance.† If Abraham fulfilled this request God promised him three things, Great Nation, Land (which was Canaan) and Protection. At this time, Abraham worshipped the popular moon god, â€Å"sin† and was to break with idolatry and become monotheistic. Epstein stated that, â€Å"Abraham turned to the service of the one and only God whom he recognised as the creator of heaven and earth.† Abraham’s love of the one true God and his change from idolatry reflects similarities with Saint Patrick. Patrick arrived in Ireland to a pagan country. The people of Ireland were idolaters in that they worshipped as many as 400 gods, with the main god being the Dagda (the father). The Celts held such things as the sun, trees, groves, water and birds to be sacred. Joyce states that they had the tendency to â€Å"find the divine in all of created nature.† Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland to transform the pagan people to monotheism. He wanted them to worship and love the one true God. Patrick adopted pagan practice to Christian tradition, for example, he changed the worship of the â€Å"sun† to the â€Å"son.† Patrick wanted the people to become monks and virgins for Christ. He advocated that true worship of God required to be newly baptised (converted from paganism to Christianity.) Patrick wanted the people to convert freely; they were never forced as the decision to become a Christian had to come from the heart. When Patrick left a place he made sure he left a building (church) to be used for communal worship. Like the Old Testament prophets, Patrick expected his ordained to be good role models to the people. Unfortunately in the Old Testament the religious leaders did not always do this. Ezekiel, for example, was to inform the people that God was going to hold the religious leaders responsible as they had led the people astray instead of encouraging them to worship only Yahweh. God told Ezekiel to prophesy to the leaders, â€Å"shepherds have been feeding themselves, should not, you the shepherds feed the sheep.† In tandem with this, the prophet Elijah also had to deal with the people of Israel’s idolatry. He was aware that there was a lack of steadfast love due to the people worshipping both Yahweh and Baal (god of fertility.) Elijah challenged the people about this saying, â€Å"how long will you go limping with two different opinions?† The people needed to stop worshipping both Yahweh and Baal and were to only worship the one true God, Yahweh. Elijah had little sympathy for the people worshipping both Gods. He challenged King Ahab to a contest on Mount Carmel between Yahweh and Baal to determine who the true God is. Elijah had a great victory as Yahweh won, usually this would be celebrated but instead, Elijah went to Mount Horeb as he knew the people’s change of heart of Yahweh as the one true God was temporary and this was not good enough. True love of God was required. In line with this, Patrick also challenged the pagan people’s ways through their worship of Dagda and Lugh. It took a long time for the pagan people to convert to truly worshipping one God. Paganism continued to exist alongside early Christianity 100 years after Patrick. Amos spoke out about social injustices, he stated, â€Å"let justice roll down like waters, and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream.† Amos spoke about respect for marriage, something which King David lacked. He had an affair with Bathsheba and committed the sins of lust, adultery and murder. He was punished for this as Yahweh was to â€Å"raise up evil against you out of your own house.† David’s son died as a result of his sins. Similarly, Patrick also showed a respect for life. He spoke out about injustices such as slavery and condemnation of wealth in his letter to Coroticus. Patrick respected women and this was reflected in the Letter to Coroticus. In L19 Patrick expresses his concern for women. The women were taken as captives, to be distributed â€Å"as prizes.† Patrick makes it clear that the fate of Coroticus and his men is to be â€Å"lorded over† for all eternity by those whom they regarded to be â€Å"barbarian Irish.† In L4, Patrick also speaks up against murder and slavery – he grieves for those captured and killed and calls the perpetrators themselves â€Å"captives of Satan† the punishment met out to them will be â€Å"external life in hell.† To conclude, Christianity is now one of the leading world religions and therefore the mission of both the prophets and Patrick was successful. There will always be a call for people to repent and convert to Christianity with a return to a moral life.

Social Constructivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Constructivism - Essay Example Social constructivism does not distinguish between truth and falsehood, judging both equally suspendable. It leaves no place for the distinction between true and false accounts of nature in its accounts of the development of science. By being uninterested in whether a science is true, by treating truth and falsity equally, that is, by treating unequal as if they were equal, constructivists suspend and fail to see the essential. Whereas it would be a major accomplishment for the sociology of science to explain true knowledge as well as false pretensions of knowledge, it is a major regression for such sociology to obscure the difference between the two. A central theme of social constructivism is that no social practice must be enshrined as a restricted way of getting at truth. No practice can put claim to universal, eternal, or context-free legitimacy. Social constructivists and other postmodernists seek to demystify or deconstruct science's epistemic authority. One route to demystifi cation is to argue that science is just a highly elaborate set of social conventions--a "discursive formation" (Foucault) or "form of life" (Wittgenstein)--which arose in a particular historical setting and captured the loyalty of our culture, but which has no intrinsic claim to epistemic superiority. Translated into our terminology, this position implies that science is veritistically no better than other practices, despite the special reputation it enjoys. The constructivist perspective embodies a number of theoretical tensions stemming. from its attempt to embrace a relativistic epistemology with respect to selected aspects of science while exhibiting a fairly inflexible commitment to epistemological realism in its own work. ( Woolgar 1983: 262) Constructivist sociologists adopt a variety of strategies in their attempt to defend themselves against the criticism that constructivism undermines itself. Some constructivists merely assert that constructivism does not undermine itself, in the hope that repetition will be as effective as argument or evidence. Other constructivists claim that their studies analyze how the original account was arrived at, but have no implications for the truth or falsity of that account. Constructivists thereby only criticize the view that scientists see the world "plainly," "straightforwardly," without skills ( Yearley 1991: 120, 143). Thus constructivist sociology of science has no implications concerning the validity of science, constructivist criminology has little bearing on the

Leadership and Innovation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Leadership and Innovation - Assignment Example This in turn is supposed to improve the organization's operational flexibility and thus the ability to deal with change. For the study of leadership, the above mentioned changes have led to the widespread adoption of empowerment strategies. Such an adoption is understandable: if one flattens an organization's structure, there is little choice but to empower the organisations lower-level workers with broader decision-making responsibilities. As a result, the traditional "limits to power" once designated by boundaries of hierarchy and rational authority are blurring (Gordon 2002). This paper deals with the questions of leadership and its intrinsic relation with organisational change and innovation within the framework of a case study - the experience of WL Gore & Associates, Inc. The paper consists of three major parts, related respectively to leadership, change and innovation, each chapter discussing both theoretical concepts and their practical implementation at Gore & Associates. The New Leadership paradigm incorporated three main categories of theory - transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and culture-based leadership. ... Such an adoption is understandable: if one flattens an organization's structure, there is little choice but to empower the organisations lower-level workers with broader decision-making responsibilities. As a result, the traditional "limits to power" once designated by boundaries of hierarchy and rational authority are blurring (Gordon 2002). This paper deals with the questions of leadership and its intrinsic relation with organisational change and innovation within the framework of a case study - the experience of WL Gore & Associates, Inc. The paper consists of three major parts, related respectively to leadership, change and innovation, each chapter discussing both theoretical concepts and their practical implementation at Gore & Associates. Leadership in WL Gore & Associates, Inc. Transactional and transformational leadership The New Leadership paradigm incorporated three main categories of theory - transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and culture-based leadership. The transactional leadership theorists, including those theorists who explored the concept of leadership through the eyes of followers, explained leadership as contingent on a condition of transaction or exchange between leaders and followers. Alternatively, transformational leadership theory argues that "good" leadership is achieved through more than just tangible inducements. It suggested that leadership can be conceptually organized along a number of charismatic and situationally correlated dimensions: charismatic leadership, inspirational leadership, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration. The culture-based theorists viewed leadership as being culturally specific, where "good" leadership, among other things, primarily depends on whether or not a

Determinism, Compatiblism, and Libertarianism Research Paper

Determinism, Compatiblism, and Libertarianism - Research Paper Example I will divide my paper into four main parts. Part one will be devoted to an analysis of determinism. I shall use Paul Holbach’s version of this position. In contrast to part one, part two will tackle the libertarian position. Here I shall use Roderick Chisholm’s version. And part three will discuss the compatibilist view on free will. In doing so, I shall use A. J. Ayer’s version. Finally, I will show the main strengths and weaknesses of each. I will conclude my paper by giving an explanation on why I think compatibilism is the most feasible and practical among all three. Determinism: Everything Has A Cause Determinism is the view that rests on the assumption that everything has a cause. â€Å"All doctrines of determinism imply that given the past and the laws of nature at any given time, there is only one possible future. Whatever happens is therefore inevitable† (Kane 285). What does this imply? It simply implies that â€Å"we could not have chosen othe rwise† (Feinberg and Shafer-Landau 410). To illustrate this position further, I will explore Paul Holbach’s version of hard-determinism. Holbach says that we are not free. But how does he argue for this position? The main claim of determinism is that â€Å"whatever happens is determined by prior events† (Sie 2). Holbach is a hard determinist. ... But if my action is determined by past events, then I'm unable to act otherwise. Therefore, I don’t ever act freely. One can argue that it is not the case that I don’t act freely for I have my own motives, choices and I am not restrained. However, Holbach refutes this on the basis of â€Å"the complexity of human conduct and the illusion of free agency† (Holbach 463). Holbach argues, we only think we are free because we cannot explain the phenomena, but in principle, we can explain everything by explaining its causes (463). For instance, if I can explain my actions through the laws of nature then we have no use for free will anymore. So if we discover the cause of a given phenomena, then it nullifies freedom. Therefore, we are not free. Contrary to determinism is the libertarian position. I shall discuss Chisholm’s version of libertarianism next. Libertarianism: some of our actions are free Libertarianism argues that some events that happen are not determi ned by prior events. In defending freewill, Chisholm suggests: We must not say that every event involved in the act is caused by some other event; and we must not say that the act is something that is not caused at all. The possibility that remains, therefore, is this: We should say that at least one of the events that are involved in the act is caused, not by any other events, but by something else instead. And this something else can only be the agent—the man (440). Given Chisholm’s suggestion, I can say that my action-A is free if and only if I am the cause of A and that I could have done another action-B other than A. If determinism is true, I could not have done B. But I could have done B because I am the cause of my actions. My decision to do A caused me to perform A,

MUSIC REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MUSIC REPORT - Essay Example The music starts soft, with strings ushering in soft music and later on would crescendo into a complete expression of his love for Cosima. The events in Wagner’s life prompted the composition of the Idyll, a piece that remains to be one of his greatest masterpieces to this day! Upon listening to the music, the notes take a relaxing mood, moving into a sweet caress of the notes. In the later part of the Idyll, the notes become more melancholic, more serious, bringing the mood back to reality, reflecting Wagner’s struggle throughout his career. However, this struggle was lifted and made lighter by Cosima, whom Wagner referred to as his eternal support. Sigfried Idyll reflects Wagner’s romantic nature, as recounted, he held Cosima’s hands, â€Å"and she was beside him as he wrote down the last notes for the full orchestral score of Sigfried†. This brilliant composition is a very good expression of love and life – a balance of feeling blessed, an d struggles one continuously face. Another brilliant composer, whose work remains popular up to this day, is Ludwig Van Beethoven, a German composer and pianist. Beethoven’s Piano Concerto No. 1 in C Major, Op. 15 was written between 1796 and 1797, and was played for the first time in Prague, in 1798, by Beethoven himself. Piano Concerto No. 1 in C Major generally has an upbeat melody, with a faint melancholic transition in the middle, and then rising once again into its upbeat spirit. This piece combines dramatic classical style of lively contrasts and symmetrical forms. With the forceful nature of Beethoven’s music, he gave voice to the new current of subjectivism and individualism which emerged at the coming around of the French revolution, as well as the rise of the middle class. In listening to this piece, Beethoven conveys the message of freedom and equality as the notes â€Å"demand† and â€Å"protest† with its forceful, rhythmic patterns. Piano concerto No. 1 in C Major certainly

Internet Strategies and Direct Marketing Research Paper

Internet Strategies and Direct Marketing - Research Paper Example The application of Internet marketing is one that requires several dimensions of reaching potential customers. When looking at the opportunities available for prospective customers, it can be seen that there are several components that make a difference in the success or failure of a specific company. One of the considerations to make is the use of direct marketing on the Internet and how it impacts a company, either positively or negatively. While websites are the main tool used for promotions, a marketing strategy should contain options for search engines as well as for direct marketing to reach to prospective clients. However, consumer attitudes, approaches to the marketing and the ability to get a positive response based on the interface of the website can all make a difference in how different consumers respond as well as how the Internet marketing strategy is able to grow or lead to negative results.

Provide an economic analysis of Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Provide an economic analysis of Netflix - Essay Example Netflix drives its revenues from two sources: monthly subscriptions from users who can instantly stream TV shows and movies over the internet and delivery of DVDs and Blu-ray discs to customers’ homes. The major cost components or Netflix include fixed-fee licenses, revenue shared and direct purchases made from studios and other content providers. The company also has to spend money in maintaining its streaming services through Amazon Web Services and Content Delivery Networks. There are many factors that impact the supply and demand of the company’s business. One of the primary factors determining demand is the economic situation. The demand also depends on the quality of content produced. As can be seen from the list of competitors, all the competitors have a different unique characteristic in the way they are providing entertainment video to the customers. While cable providers and direct-to-home service providers offer a fixed list of entertainment videos on a monthly fees, internet based content providers provide customers which is more similar to Netflix. The other competitors are retailers which provide entertainment videos to customers through brick and mortar shops. This can be said to be a monopolistic competition. Monopolistic competition can be defined as the market structure where there are many sellers of the same commodity but there is a slight difference in the way the service is provided (Jain & Ohri, 249). Although there are many companies that provide similar service to customers, however, none of the companies providing online companies have been able to come close to Netflix in areas of market share or revenue. Thus, the company is having significant market power and drives the market. The company has been very successful in increasing its subscriber base over the period of time. It had a total subscriber base of 20 million at the end of 2010. The company’s revenue was $2.16

Nursing Burnout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Nursing Burnout - Essay Example Professionals providing healthcare services with particular emphasis on the nursing profession are known to be a group of professionals with a high potential for developing burnout (Garrosa et al, 2008). The health care services environment that the occupation of nursing functions in, is an environment that makes high demands on energy levels and different levels of competencies, poses challenges to the personal values and faith, and despite best efforts frequent loss of life of the patients. All these experiences of can contribute to burnout in a nursing professional (Ewing & Carter, 2004). Burnout among nursing professionals can severely compromise the quality of health care that health care seekers receive leading to poor outcomes, making burnout among nursing professionals an issue of serious concern to the health care service sector and society (Sahraian et al, 2008). From Ilhan et al, 2008 come the figures that it is estimated that nearly forty percent of the nursing professionals suffer from burnout, with about twenty percent of hospital nursing staff planning to give up work within a span of one year. Garrosa et al, 2008, however, provide a lower estimate of the extent of burnout among nursing professionals at twenty-five percent. Irrespective of the variance on these figures, the significant feature that stands out is the high prevalence of nursing providing support to the general belief that the nursing profession is highly susceptible to burn out. Nursing professionals function in different areas of medicine and there has been evidence to suggest that there is a variance in the prevalence of burnout among the different areas of medicine that the nursing professionals function in. Sahraian et al, 2008, in their examination of the levels of burnout in the areas of internal medicine, surgery, psychiatry and burn wards and the factors that contribute to it, show that

Case 11-1 Let There Be Light Lampshade Company Assignment

Case 11-1 Let There Be Light Lampshade Company - Assignment Example This is arrived at by dividing the volume of the packaged box by the volume of one intermodal container (Wood, & Murphy, 2011). The amount got is multiplied by the number of Shades that are contained in each package boxes which in this case for the style C is 10. Again it is should be noted that the considerations made here are after the looking into the possible cost benefit analysis in terms of full truck load and the less than truck load issues n the shipments. The total costs of delivering style A shades are $ 13,512. This is disintegrated into package cost which is $ 1632, the cost of manufacturing of the shades which is $ 10,880, the cost of transporting each container which stands at $ 1000. All these are encompassed into one whole shipment cost of $ 13, 512. The delivery costs for the style B shades stands at $ 21,885.60. This is split into package cost of 1305.60; there is also the cost of shades manufacture which stands at $ 19,580 and lastly the container shipment cost which is $ 1000 (Wood, & Murphy, 2011). Thirdly the delivery cost of the style C shades stands at $ 42,126.40. This is divided into three sets of costs which include; the package costs which stands at $ 1958.40, there is also the cost of manufacturing the shades which stands at $ 39168. The cost of shipment of the container follows with the tune of $ 1000. It is imperative to note that as these calculations are presented, there is high inculcation of the fact that there is a high level of opportunity cost that have been forgone in order to come up with such solutions. This entails the restriction on the amount of pound that should not be exceeded when transporting a shipment of container across the ocean. This has created the impediment for the use of the container especially the containers that will have the style C shades (Chopra, and Meindl, 2013). As it stands now, the limit has to be set on the amount of shades that should be transported for the

Controversial issues in psychology Essay Example for Free

Controversial issues in psychology Essay Controversial issues in psychology are those that cause the greatest concern within both psychology and within society as a whole. Advertising uses techniques of persuasion to manipulate peoples behaviour in the desired direction of the perpetrator of the persuasive message, which uses invasive and exploitative techniques and try to show that social norms and values are not always for the best. Advertisements are a set of shorthand signals about products we are to buy and the circumstances we would use them in. They are a ready source of stereotypes, sexual, regional and cultural, e. g. families are always happy and adults are always employed. The first advertisement on TV in the UK was for Gibbs SRs toothpaste. The ad has become an icon of the consumer age, and psychologists have become increasingly fascinated by the art of persuading people, despite its controversies. What persuades people to buy or use the advertisers product or service is how the advert makes them feel, i. e. the meaning we attach to the advert. However the advert is interpreted by the individual, the impact of any advertisement is what it means to us. The author invites us to participate in constructing a meaning for the advert. OBarr (1994) suggests that advertisers create an advertisement for us to use as a skeleton to add flesh to and breathe life into. Another area controversy in advertising is that it is difficult to disentangle the impact of advertising from other influences that might be current at that time. Hedges (1982) points out that to the consumers, advertising is just part of their background advertisements form just one part of the sensory bombardment that we experience every day. We cannot stop to evaluate every piece of sensory input, so for the most part, advertisements are relegated to fairly low levels of consciousness. Advertisers use many psychological theories to make their work successful, including associating their product with a particular emotion or image. A need for an item must be created, therefore we must be motivated. In the case of pre-existing needs, such as for bread, the motive must be to buy a particular brand (e. g. through price, quality). Where there is no pre-existing need, it must be created, as in the case of childrens toys. Neurological research has shown that the left hemisphere of the brain is more concerned with practical functions such as language, where styles of response are, foe example, verbal and analytic. The right hemisphere is more concerned with spatial, imaginative processing, where responses concern feelings and are, perhaps, unconscious. Lannon and Cooper (1983) suggested that because of this, much advertising is geared towards the right hemisphere. Fast marketing is a relatively new approach, which targets those that have developed brand loyalty and become offensive when they are offered a new alternative. This creates problems for advertisers trying to target new groups, so a blitz of free samples is distributed (fast marketing) so that everyone has a chance of trying out the new product. Consumers are then more likely to change their attitudes or opinions about the product, and so the advertisers will have succeeded. People are also more easily persuaded to change their minds after witnessing testimonials or adverts which use someone who they think is admirable or attractive, such as sports heroes or actresses (Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992). Advertisers typically pair an attractive person or item (unconditioned stimulus) with their product (conditioned stimulus) to produce a positive attitude towards their product (conditioned response). This helps to give positive attitudes towards the products.

Alexander II Domestic Policies

Alexander II Domestic Policies Alexander II of Russia was in many ways one the most important tsar in the History of the Russian Empire. He took over the throne from his Father, Nicholas I, in 1955. When he first came into power his first task was to end the Crimean war in which his father had been involved. After the Crimean war, many other countries saw Russia as weak. The army was outdated and despite its magnitude, not strong enough. People also saw Russia as underdeveloped and behind because of the weakness of its industry. Alexander wanted to change this. He not only wanted to show the rest of the world what Russia could achieve, but he also wanted to show Russia what it could achieve. Encouraged by public opinion he began a period of radical reforms, including trying to make Russia less dependant on a landed aristocracy controlling the poor. He also wanted to develop the natural resources of Russia reform the government to make it less like an autocracy. Until his assassination in 1881, how far did Alexande r II succeed in changing his domestic policy? Alexander initiated substantial reforms in the government, the judiciary and the military. But before he started these reforms, his first radical act was in 1861 when he proclaimed the emancipation of around 20 million privately held serfs. Serfdom was how the Upper classes and the Nobles controlled the peasants and the lower classes. In 1959, there were 23 million serfs in Russia. And the total population of Russia was 67.1 Million. The serfs lived under harsh conditions that were often worse than the conditions Peasants lived in during the Middle Ages. Alexander decided to abolish serfdom from above rather than wait for it to be abolished from below by revolution. The emancipation was effected by local commissions, which were dominated by landlords, who gave land and limited freedom to serfs. The former serfs remained stayed in the village commune, but they were required to make redemption payments to the government over a period of almost 50 years. The government compensated forme r owners of serfs by issuing them bonds. The regime had envisioned that the 50,000 landlords who possessed estates of more than 110 hectares would thrive without serfs and would continue to provide loyal political and administrative leadership in the countryside. The government also had expected that peasants would produce sufficient crops for their own consumption and for export sales, thereby helping to finance most of the governments expenses, imports, and foreign debt. However, Both of these assumptions were unrealistic. Emancipation left both former serf and their former owners unsatisfied. The new peasants soon fell behind in their payments to the government because the land they had received was poor and because Russian agricultural methods were inadequate. The former owners often had to sell their lands to remain solvent because most of them could neither farm nor manage estates without their former serfs. In addition, the value of their government bonds fell as the peasants failed to make their redemption payments. Reforms of local government closely followed emancipation. In 1864 most local governments in the European part of Russia were organized into provincial and district zemstva which were made up of representatives of all classes and were responsible for local schools, public health, roads, prisons, food supply, and other concerns. In 1870 elected city councils were formed. Dominated by property owners and constrained by provincial governors and the police, the zemstva and the city councils raised taxes to support their activities. In 1864 the regime implemented judicial reforms. In major towns, Western-style courts with juries were established. In general, the judicial system functioned effectively, but the government lacked the finances and cultural influence to extend the court system to the villages, where traditional peasant justice continued to operate with minimal interference from provincial officials. In addition, the regime instructed judges to decide each case on its merits and not to use precedents, which would have enabled them to construct a body of law independent of state authority. The regime also proposed to reform the military. One of the main reasons for the emancipation of the serfs was to facilitate the transition from a large standing army to a reserve army by instituting territorial levies and mobilization in times of need. Before emancipation, serfs could not receive military training and then return to their owners. However, there was no military reform until the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) demonstrated the necessity of building a modern army. The levy system introduced in 1874 gave the army a role in teaching many peasants to read and in pioneering medical education for women. But the army remained backward despite these military reforms. Officers often preferred bayonets to bullets, expressing worry that long-range sights on rifles would induce cowardice. In spite of some notable achievements, Russia did not keep pace with Western technological developments in the construction of rifles, machine guns, artillery, ships, and naval ordnance. Russia al so failed to use naval modernisation as a means of developing its industrial base in the 1860s. Although Alexander II was in many ways the first tsar to attempt change the Russian political and social system and modernise it, he did not succeed as well as he set out to. His main focus of he reforms was the emancipation of the slaves. However, in many ways this did not succeed as well as his other reforms. Alexander wanted to improve living conditions for the serfs and at the same time keep the landlords happy. However, he did neither of these things well. His reforms were also not supported by a lot of people. And especially the Nobles believed that the new laws were ruining the country. Despite Alexander trying to revolutionise the Autocratic system, a radical revolutionary group assassinated him in March 1881. Although Alexander II set out with high goals, which he in some ways for filled, in the end he failed.

Document Object Model Process

Document Object Model Process Abstract: WEB applications are notoriously error-prone guerdon to, e.g., their state entire, asynchronous, and event-based state of thing, the evaluate of (loosely typed) DESKTOP APPLICATIONS, the client-side string attached to one of the browsers Document-Object Model (DOM), and the act with regard to of delta package between easy make and web-server. Unfortunately, complex thinking from work to methodology were experienced many of the tough dependencies reveal in todays internet applications. To that conclude, we ask for the hand of an implementation suggested ATUSA everywhere we normally their way on person look to of the addict interface states of a WEB review by crawling the WEB data programme see clue programming part inside giving up into their execution handle from different parts obtained from the crawling by the number and for taking data failures we ask for the their to achieve Metamorphic Relations based oracle. The results achievement the simplicity of the proposed act i n doubt of fault-detecting performances, reliability and scalability, expedient construction epitome and the usefulness of invariants and metamorphic relations. Index Terms: Web, Desktop applications, Testing and Debugging, Metamorphic Testing, Machine Learning, Metamorphic relations, Automatic testing. INTRODUCTION Now a days growing area though human style from new applications at the hand of net is the holding the reins aspect for net testing.†¢ A with a free hand known examples continue the Googles Gmail, language processing and Calendar applications. For this finding JSP and serve technologies are used. Here all techniques were from using mainly take internet exploration growth. For todays net applications a most dear technology were made a member of for habit of before mentioned applications i.e. WEB is the acronym for the Asynchronous JAVASRCIPT and XML. Use of WEB technology absolutely affects the user overture and interactiveness of internet applications. Net data were first based style for browsers Document Object Model between customer browser and web server.†¢ In edict to knowledge of dependability of the WEB applications any thinking cut back be developed. This knowledge is based their life model. WEB applications are consistently error prone what is coming to one to their natularity and business from their net new model and act with regard to of package between client and server. For this application development ahead under their net data. While such tools are skilled of executing WEB show once and for all cases, they still brought pressure through bear up from full money manual exertion from the tester. Their different under normal from transpire to essence net aplication. Existing current plant cant be back for forceful web testing. Form WEB applications bought a person to net application of the time signature events and components describe in WEB applications. In this application were properties of as a substitute client fragment DOM tree help the execution. Figure 1: Example for DOM tree construction. As shown in the above diagram, the device is of the DOM object. Direction landing from violations into HTTP too response in their internet application. Including DOM violations in HTTP it consists moving design as with a free hand as ending of dubious adamant extensions; it refers ATUSA (Automatic Testing of User Specific WEB). We have planning as a conclusion on net data. Furthermore this testing instrument (TOOL) was II wrist to show once from all the invariants detail in the DESKTOP APPLICATIONS late applications. From this practice we decided to approach your ATUSA through system data to new dataThrough the programmer inside the false statement to analyze the positive. Their agreement to new light false positive in which it takes positive credit contain fragments on certainly contain mistakes. In this charity to cloud achieve metamorphic testing. Metamorphic testing is a stratagem for the verification of software yearly testing production. The program is verified over metamorphic relations (MR).Here rare from hit unusable fault. Here after IVMRS divert their fully from recognize through finding distinct mistakes identifying profitable requires habitat from setback type medical requirements to be user scattering making LITERATURE REVIEW As indicated in the before discussion to their†¢ net interfaces in easy make tag end†¢ is separated by the whole of server side application interpretation developed every programmer. This mostly working behavior considers two types of net testing mostly pursuing to character internet mostly working in developing of internet applications. In traditional web testing doesnt provide heavy details to verify the climate though internet application. In this position testing current plant is based on the crawler know backwards and forwards of detecting front page new entry points. Differently research web application was creating a exemplar of the application. Logging of the user session laid it on the line data on the server side. .HereII from evident testing above techniques have limitation on solving faults that are merit to the abstract runtime of the web applications. Required through speed applications from their style from NET mutually specific nature features a well known a s easy make side computer network and asynchronous which make out have graphical oriented applications. For these graphical WEB applications with invariants detail in the applications currently Selieum IDE from Diakinan what under their hood caballing from exploring ways from expedient observation of invariants in both WEB and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS web applications testing applications. Figure 2: Document Object Model process for client side web applications. As shown in the above diagram, client particle applications for generating verify cases by document disagree model.†¢ In this ideal we cut back secure the rational verify how things stack up results based their invariants or properties laid it on the line in both WEB and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS net application Therefore more sexuality from test cases above fix WEB and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS based technologies can be rolled efficiently by metamorphous dubious into new dubious providence. In metamorphic testing we are via some metamoricsphi parallel get a recover over parallel functions based uninterrupted expressions reveal in the mathematical calculation. Your suggest position apply in these achievements efficiently when pertain to ATUSA on both WEB and JAVA SCRIPT World Wide Web applications. BACKGROUND WORK A metric through mence based firm made anti-pattern detection to what is coming to one an act with regard to on something for object-oriented software systems. Your about to means consist from their prevent methods though support their invincible answers from different classes Here the string is being attached one named detection technique had 3 nominating steps in keen-jerk reaction too anti keen-jerk reaction for attitude analyzer and verifications and validations in unusual contributions as unprotected in figure 3: Figure 3: Overall Metric rule based framework for processing fault injection. Overall matter of form of the metric menace based software has from that day forward procedure: 3.1.Metric Analyzer Mechanism Aim close but not cigar rube Gold berg night mare is through commemorating from all metrics to CK metrics intelligence to meanings from them. Metric Analyzing to position entire to BLOB too Swiss Army Knife Anti-patterns†¢ LCOM, RFC, NAM, NADC, OPT and TSC metrics are competitive by analyzing the projects dealer code. Ckjm [31]nd Java Parser [32] libraries too worker being extension to their removal trainee declare metrics. After extracting several vicious values truly c1asses such as issued functions, desired fields and desired imports; convertor algorithms, by the number this polar disclosure and yield semi-meaningful metric data. 3.2.Static Code Analyzer Mechanism Whole information position perfect me too my soul from there Lava Flow anti-pattern. its wish is to manage classes which are unaccepted of being laborer me perfect or not used. Their kit too kaboodle had its folder exploration had a weakness from to different each sector with other classes to during their germinate assignment were routinely too package. Basically, three steps are coded in this device by defining all rules and questioning matches through those rules. These steps are: 1.Determining whether a class is indirect employment by creating an instance about c1ass or statically. 2.Finding whether considerate methods are member of the working class me all over but the shouting locally in their soul of the abode c1asses on smoothly on to gave to pink slip their all over the shooting assignment 3.Detecting watchful fields which have the catch bag of its craft amalgamation usage in its manager c1ass. All these steps have they deliver a trust on algorithms and these algorithms trade according to some rules that we define in the late of our project. Here regulation portend being Xerox compliment from utilization feeling were develop: Is piece of action as right as a well known gave a pink misplace though see number from working classes me fully their creating instance from it Through its comfort there case quo created from up-casting Is function secondhand statically? What such is in to locally hand me down in its owner c1ass? Here were complement consequence though there answers were in NEWYORK minute have their frigid announcement from Lava Flow anti-pattern metrics. Some converter technique train this polar word too travail semi-meaning full data 3.3. Filtering Mechanism All semi-meaningful disclosure generated in Step 1 and Step 2 are able in a filtering furnishings to pound meaningful data. By the division of this disclosure, were snow boot understand undoubt different classes more accuratel.Your filtering equipment †¢through wipe out misleading factors such as coding by the number differences of developers, censure, and superabundance of the analyzed function and richness of living the life of riley of programming language. All these factors may forsake interpreters of silent results. Some anti-patterns boot be abandoned in detection. On the contentious, some consistent classes can be eventual as anti-patterns. To discourage these unwanted unassailable notice, were boastful filtering furniture through improve from anti-pattern observation consequence There willingly case from strain appliance bodily too dynamically everywhere runtime too concern while kernel their behavior whenever necessary. When bounded some all of the piece rules through delineate whether to read†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ through fire being required. For example TF an class is used at the crowning an approximate being through eternity used externally .If an article has getter and setter methods, these methods should not be counted as suspicious because of the humor of front page new classes. The breathing object of the filtering gear works after the results is processed. This operation as is the custom depends on statistics science. Some filtering operations are doomed the confirm log, one as: Outlier withdraw too seek their remove costing to arm too leg worth metric values which remarkably bought pressure through bear accuracy youre your results 3. PROPOSED WORK Automatically detecting crucial structural and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS invariants in modern web applications is complicated merit to all of a sudden comings of Static conduct wipe out and gave the old college cope techniques. Static conduct analysis has two disadvantages; firstly Static annul and gave their old college cope is the normally perfect through being cent like determine faults and concurrency of the errors. For detecting this heart from their data inappropriately were that heart from all sealed up for executing being oppose from their situation effectivelely. Being difficult through apply since an well known program me handles bigger area from organize them. Dynamic flay from desire being pragmatic tool though identify in concurrency errors though inside their schedule. Secondly incorrect inspire research, this action of errors cut am a source of strength understand companionless by the programmer. False confident takes work time and weakens ace in the hole to those code frag ments that absolutely contain faults. Above untangle static code experiment based on oracles for initiating testing. We propose to admit of comparison with ATUSA in metamorphic testing. Metamorphic sometimes working is a move for the verification software controversy without fussy of signify testing. Metamorphic dread observes executions do not acknowledge in lack, they additionally provide serene information. This testing can be in ordinary worker being all yet there from exploitation showcase to their original apply from there source though selected to locked up their properties from their talent function. Such functions are voiced as metamorphic relations. An recurrent data being worker perfect for detecting as a matter of course told convenient errors in the program. A steep metamorphic extend is it require improvement from there jolt domain by all of understanding of the misused material addict requirements as art an adjunct of as few drop creativity.†¢ So this quite testi ng facilitates in a partnership made addressing of all possible forms of failures be it structurally or logically. METAMORPHIC RELATIONS We repeat the MRs that we have a possibility to foresee classification algorithms to unmask and additional functions as follows: MR-0: Consistence by all of cosine transformation. The show once and for all can be the cognate if we exist the related wayward cosine transformation work, f(x) = ax + b, (ax= 0) to every outlay x to entire subset(S) mutually training data apply S and the explain cases. Figure 4: Algorithm for working of metamorphic relations. MR-1.1: Permutation of the prescribed component from action labels. Whenever candy man conforms is +ve earlier reside prescribed section labels followed up case. MR-1.2: Permutation from back forty aspects. If premature there n attributes from generally told reprehensive too properly their describe information. It describes the uninformative by the whole of their properties. Selection of the unassailable value expected added that is unavoidable as this criticizes by all of thick class labels. MR-2.2: Addition of interpretive attributes. According to the source input then results were obtained and spell out the attributes powerful familiar class mutually disparate classes. Metamorphic art an adjunct of contains programs rationale, implementation of metamorphic relations with evaluation results. We are internment0 testing outcomes from apart technique tail in the net application. Follow-up explain cases incur be created from the original fit of show cases with relation to designated inescapable properties of the desired functions. Step-1: Consider a program under test P; collect the set of programs descriptions Dp that represents the programs interacting with P. Step-2: Design a metamorphic relations MRi applicable to test P. Step-3: Implement MRi in the metamorphic set MS of the P. Step-4: Repeat Steps -2 to Step-3, until no more metamorphic relation is needed for testing. Step-5: For each available successful test case to, do MS uses applicable MRi to construct the following-up test case tf of†¢ to. MS invokes P to execute tf. †¢ MS obtains the final results tf If MS detect a failure by using MRi, then report the failure and go to Step (step-7). Repeat Steps-5(i) to step-5(iv), until no more applicable MRi. Step-6:†¢ Report that no failure is found. Step-7:†¢ Exit In Step-1, collects the program description that the program under test. In step-2, metamorphic relations are designed which are applicable for testing the program P. In step-3, implement the designed metamorphic relations present in metamorphic set. The above two steps i.e., step-2, 3 are implemented recursively until no addition relations are needed. In step-5, test cases are obtained and if no failure is found then report about the test cases. If failure found then exit, and re-apply the metamorphic relations. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS In this string attached to something we explain the results of mostly working results fix in the before discussion. Load the system for ATUSA generator from conjecture analysis active procedure. Invariants are the properties and events reveal in the program. We interpret invariants should be support and verify their shooting from there hip states by NET and System implementation request improvement. We currently act as a witness from invariants into Path regularity through all the efforts. Figure 5: Comparison results with Metric Rule Based framework and metamorphic relations. Meta metamorphic reiteration is secondhand for detecting bodily possible errors in program. Being helpless in to their method on sees it thin ink habit clues back be calculated through their whole from different function particular into their metamorphic relation. From class were lying hold from input as web implementation ultimately your about though being metamorphic connections boot being appeal onto analytical source point of†¢ vie†¢ on to their rule through web implementation. Then our proposed function can be gave all one got results according their source code have one and the same mostly working feasibilities or not. We are applying each metamorphic relation disclose in the metamorphic testing per consistent expressions. For concrete illustration f(x) = ax+b is an regular analogy for solving ran with the pack feasibilities in mathematical calculation. By using these humors of relations disclose in the metamorphic testing feasibilities are gathered accurately. 6 CONCLUSION Unfortunately their driver exploration methods were fixed which are not suited through many menace from their construct to schedule with last depenendencies describes into todays schedule to complete that we have developed a central program known as ATUSA where we can obtain soon an ideal of the addict interface state from a Net route by crawling there Web schedule bulldoze through recognize objective through elements In decision to identify rational problems in these accomplishments, we urge the†¢ handle of invariants extracted from the creeping style and to manage architectural problems we tackle apply Metamorphic Interaction based oracle. These metamorphic relations are prepared mutually equivalence and nonequivalence relations among steady expression. REFERENCES [1] Mehmed Taha Aras, Asst. Prof. Dr. Yunus Emre Selfuk, Metric and Rufe Based Automated Detection 0/ Antipatterns in Object-Oriented Software Systems, 2016 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), 978-1-4673-8914-3/16/$31.00  ©20161EEE. [2] M. Abbes, F. Khomh, Y.-G. Gueheneuc, and G. Antoniol, An empirical study of the impact of two antipatterns, bl ob and spaghetti code, on program comprehension, 15th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, CSMR 2011, 1-4 March 2011, Oldenburg, Germany. IEEE Computer Society, 2011, pp. 181-190. [3] F. Khomh, M. Di Penta, Y.-G. Gueheneuc, and G. Antoniol, An exploratory study of the impact of anti patterns on class change- and fault-proneness, Empirical Software Engineering, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 243-275,2012. [4] F. Khomh, M. Di Penta, and Y.-G. Gueheneuc, An exploratory study of the impact of code smells on software change-proneness, 16th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering, WCRE 2009, 13-16 October 2009, Lilie, France. IEEE Computer Society, 2009, pp. 75-84. [5] N. Moha, Y.-G. Gueheneuc, 1. Duchien, and A-F. 1. Meur, Decor: A method for the specification and detection of code and design smells, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 36, no. I, pp. 20-36, 2010. [6] J. Din, A B. AL-Badareen, and Y. Y. Jusoh, Antipattern detection approaches in object-oriented design: a literature review, Computing and Convergence Technology (ICCCT), 2012 71h International Conference, 2012, pp. 926-931. [7] F. A Fontana, S. Maggioni, and C. Raibulet, Understanding the relevance of micro-structures for design patterns detection, Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 84, no. 12, pp. 2334-2347, 2011. [8] H. Kaur, P. J. Kaur, A study on detection of anti-patterns in object oriented systems, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887), Volume. 93, No. 5, May 2014. [9] A Maiga, et al., SMURF: a SVM based incremental anti-pattern detection approach, Proc. 19,h Working Conf. on Reverse. [10] 1. K. Jhans, V.K. Priya, Improved analysis of re factoring in forked project to remove the bugs present in the system, Internation Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.5, Issue. 2, February 2016. [11] K. A M. Ferreira, M. A S. Bigonha, R. S. Bigonha, 1. F. O. Mendes, H. C. Almeida, Idetifying thresholds for object-oriented software metrics, The Journal ofSystems and Software, vol. 85, pp. 244-257, 2012. [12] F. Palomba, G. Bavota, R. Oliveto, A de Lucia, Antipattern detection: Methods, Challenges, and Open Issues, Advances in Computes, pp. 201-238,2015. [13] R. Oliveto, F. Khomh, G. Antoniol and Y. Gueheneuc, Numerical signatures of antipatterns: An approach based on b-splines, 141h European Conference on Software Maintenenance and Rengineering (CSMR), IEEE, 2010, pp. 248-251. [14] M. Kessentini, H. Sahraoui, M. Boukadoum, and M. Wimmer, Search based design defects detection by example, ser. Lecture N otes in Computer Science, Berling 1 Heidelberg: Springer, 2011, vol. 6603, pp. 401-415. [15] F. Khomh, S. Vaucher, Y. Guhneuc, and H. Sahraoui, Bdtext: A gqmbased bayesian approach for the detection of antipatterns, Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 559-572, 2011. [16] D. Spinellis, Tool writing: A forgotten art?, IEEE Software, 22(4):9- 11, July/August 2005. [17] A Rao, K. N. Reddy, Detecting bad smells in object oriented design using design change propagation probability matrix, Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, 2008. [18] K. Dhambri, H. Sahraoui, P. Poulin, Visual detection of design anomalies, Proceedings of the 12,h European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 279-283, 2008. [19] M. 1. Munro, Product metrics for automatic identification of bad smell design problems in Java source-code, Proceedings of the 11 1h International Software Metrics Symposium, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 15, 2005.

Immigration and Europe Essay -- European Politics, Economics

Immigration within and into Europe has increased in recent years, with local populations' anxieties raised(Pilcher 2010, p445). I will look at the socio-cultural challenges which immigration introduces. These include the real and perceived impacts on native populations, and the policy responses which stem from the issues. Next, economic well-being is an aspect of the immigration question that will be examined. I will consider soem of the various problems which are encountered in tackling this subject. While attempts to reach conclusions of the de facto effects of immigration in terms of the economies are not made, considering the arguments made may help in gauging the extent of the challenge that immigration poses. I will also examine some of the structural changes which immigration makes in the political sphere, with electoral and representative politics being affected. With constituencies changing significantly throughout several countries, the resultant shifts in terms of policy and governance are concerns which need to be taken seriously. Social and Cultural Challenges The social and cultural tensions which arise from hosting immigrant communities are often expressed as a failure to integrate or assimilate immigrants into society. Yet cleavages can be amplified due to the liberal and egalitarian doctrines which underpin European states. Provisions have to be made for immigrant citizens which may cause resentment in the existing population as a consequence of competition for diminishing resources, as well as the overarching factor of cultural stability(Lahav 2004, p1167). Yet this difficulty may be eased by the inclusion of non-EU immigrants in a reformulation of the European identity. If, as Diez & Whitman(2002) arg... ...ect individuals on the micro-level but research suggests that there are context-dependent issues in societies. This means that the challenges which immigration pose cannot be met by assuming that macro-economic scenarios fit different solutions. Countries from both ends of the spectrum face problems with managing immigration and its consequences on different strata within the existing society. Again, the challenge here is one in which the political leaders and mass media are still themselves unsure of. If the effects of immigration on the economy are to be ascertained, then the implementation of appropriate policies needs to be pursued without deference to political and ideological pressures. The biggest challenge facing the states of Europe regarding immigration is to pinpoint the causes of insecurity, in both the immigrant and native communities, and address them.

Analysis of Wallace Stevens 13 Ways of Looking at a Blackbird :: Wallace Stevens 13 Ways Blackbird Essays

Analysis of Wallace Stevens' "13 Ways of Looking at a Blackbird"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'Thirteen ways of looking at a blackbird' by Wallace Stevens is a poem about what it means to really know something. In this poem, Stevens shows this connection by writing a first person poem about a poet's observation and contemplation's when viewing a blackbird. He does this by making each stanza an explanation of a new way he has perceived this blackbird. First, he writes about his physical perception of the blackbird as an observer. Then, he writes about his mental processes during this time. These are as the thoughts and perceptions of the blackbird itself, as what it must be like to be that bird. By the end, he has concluded that by seeing this blackbird, a connection has been made and he now knows the blackbird has becomes a part of him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first stanza, he focuses on the eye of the blackbird as an outside observer. This symbolizes the thoughts and the consciousness of the blackbird. It is also a transition from the observer's perception to the blackbird's perception. In the second stanza, Stevens goes on to say that he was of ?three minds, Like a tree, In which there are three blackbirds.? This was the first time he makes the connection between seeing the blackbird and him himself metaphorically being the blackbird. He makes this connection even more clear in the fourth stanza when he says that ?A man and a woman Are one. A man and a woman and a blackbird are one." In the sixth stanza he goes back to being the poet observer as he watches the blackbird fly by his icy window. Again in the next stanza he goes back to the point of view of the blackbird wondering why the men of Haddam only imagine golden birds instead of realizing the value of the common blackbird. At this time, he makes the connection that in seeing and knowing the blackbird it becomes a part of himself. When he says in the eighth stanza ?I know noble accents And lucid, inescapable rhythms; But I know, too, That the blackbird is involved In what I know.? he is acknowledging that he is still a poet but when he sees, thinks, and writes about the blackbird, in a way he is also the blackbird. After this, the black bird and the poet observer are separated but in the twelfth stanza Stevens writes ?The river is moving. The blackbird must be flying.? This is meant to show that though the observer's

Trinity College Exam Hall Classical

‘Classical’ architecture is a language that speaks to us with antiquity. The Exam Hall, once Theatre, on the campus of Trinity College Dublin can be viewed as a neo-classical building, built during the Georgian era. Neo-classical architecture is the revival of Greek and Roman classicism that took place in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This revival of architecture as James Adams, a famous English architect said, â€Å"was ready to seize with some degree of success, the beautiful spirit of antiquity,† which is quintessentially seen in the Exam Hall.The exterior of the Exam Hall displays classical semblances of the Roman Corinthian Order while the interior is decorated using a classical color pallet and style. This paper will explore the reasons why Trinity College Dublin’s Exam Hall, being a neo-classical building, can be measured ‘classical’. The Exam Hall’s architectural structure and decorations derive purely from the world o f classicism with minor exceptions. This predominance of classicism is why the Exam Hall is justifiably ‘classical’. Sir William Chambers was the visionary of the Exam Hall though he did not see through its construction.He became fascinated in the revival of classicism through his study of architecture in Italy. Chamber’s design for the Exam Hall resembled some of his other works that can be seen in Ireland. One such building precedent to the Exam Hall is the Casino at Marino. Casino at Marino was commissioned by Sir William Chambers in 1773 and is â€Å"acknowledged as the most important neo-classical building in Ireland. † The columns, overall symmetry, as well as a portico are a few key classical motifs the two buildings have in common.The Royal Exchange building, now Dublin’s City Hall, designed by Thomas Cooley in 1769 is the spitting image of Trinity College Dublin’s Exam Hall. The Royal Exchange building â€Å"was the first neo-classi cal public building in Dublin and ‘acted as a manifesto for the new style’. † Both buildings are rich in neo-classicism, which displays classical themes throughout. They specifically display close to identical columns holding a single pediment as well as harmony and balance. In comparing the Exam Hall to renowned neo-classical buildings we can deduce that we are rightful in describing Trinity College Dublin’s Exam Hall as being ‘classical’.Chamber’s classical style shined in much of his work, specifically the exam hall. Trinity Colleges Exam Hall can be described as classical because it is built following the guidelines of Corinthian Order. During the period of classical architecture the Greeks founded the original three orders—Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—different classical styles of building that followed certain rules and mathematical ratios. The Romans adopted these orders and made them their own. Roman Corinthian Orde r is the style of the Exam Hall.The most distinctive element is the columns, which support an entablature. The Exam Halls columns contain smooth unfluted shafts made from Portland Stone, a highly sought after stone at the time. The column capital is ornate as all classical capitals are. The capital is decorated with acanthus leaves and small volutes. There is also a fleuron in the center of the abacus, which lie atop the column capital. The capitals are also made of Portland stone. The entablature, being held up by the columns, contains three discrete elements that are classical in architecture.The Exam Hall exemplifies all three of these elements. The architrave and frieze are found to be smooth while the cornice contains dentils, another common attribute to Roman Corinthian Order. The base of Roman Corinthian Order columns are usually basic and have low pedestals, the Exam Halls are slightly larger. The Pantheon in Rome, Italy, which was built in the classical era is an example of an awe-inspiring architectural masterpiece that is built using Roman Corinthian Order columns very similar in design to the ones on the Exam Hall.The classical interior of the Exam Hall serves just as aesthetically beautiful as the exterior. Classical interior designs were very common during the Georgian Era as seen in the Exam Hall. Perfect harmony and balance are key elements portrayed in classic interiors. When walking into the Exam Hall one is brought into a large elegant open room. The room is steeped in tradition. Classic designed rooms often contain large focal points; all other items within the room are placed in order to enhance the look of the chosen focal point.The large groin vaulted chamber with a semi-circular apse serves as the focal point in the Exam Hall. The regal portraits on the walls are hung in opposing sides as if to guide your eyes to the apse. The walls and ceiling display magnificent stuccowork done by Michael Stapleton, a notable stuccodore in Ireland. Th e exterior style was seen in the interior of the Exam Hall. The Hall contains engaged Corinthian pilasters as well as a frieze decorated with stuccowork. â€Å"Shades of cream, grays, sage greens†¦were popular in neo-classicism.Colors were frequently brightened by the lavish use of goldleaf. † The Exam Hall’s walls are a beautiful sage green and the room displays goldleaf as a contrast to the sage green. The interior is notably pure neo-classical from the color pallet and stuccowork to the pilasters and apse. The grandiose interior is a place of harmony and symmetry. The pure ‘classical’ style portrayed in the Exam Hall is seen in the interior and exterior. The Exam Hall’s ‘classical’ elegance is met with exceptions that make us ponder whether we can truly call the Exam Hall ‘classical’.The smooth ashlar granite countered with the rusticated granite on the lower half of the facade is not seen as ‘classical. †™ This style was first seen in the sixteenth century. I would argue that we can indeed define the Exam Hall as ‘classical’. The ratios in the building and symmetry of not only the Exam set alone, but of that and the chapel which is nearly identical in exterior characteristics, forms a symmetrical front square at Trinity College Dublin. The perfect mathematical ratios and thought out symmetry bring pure harmony to the architecture.The Exam Hall is justifiably ‘classical’ despite the exceptions. As a final point, it is appropriate to say that the Exam Hall is of classical attribute. The exterior brought harmony and balance as a building on its own and to the Front Square of Trinity College Dublin. The interior allowed for a soothing relief with its pale walls and ornate stuccowork. William Chambers, Christopher Myers and Michael Stapleton created a magnificent building enriched in classicism. Despite the need for modern exceptions the Exam Hall is virtuousl y classical. Works Cited Baker, William T.Architectural Excellence in a Diverse World Culture. Mulgrave, Vic. : Images Pub. , 2008. Print. Lucey, Conor. The Stapleton Collection: Designs for the Irish Neoclassical Interior. Tralee: Churchill House, 2007. Print. O'Reilly, Sean D. The Casino at Marino. Dublin, Ireland: Office of Public Works, 1991. Print. Stillman, Damie. English Neo-classical Architecture. London: Zwemmer, 1988. Print. Summerson, John. The Classical Language of Architecture. Cambridge: M. I. T. , 1966. Print. Wilson, Jones. M. 1989. Designing the Roman Corinthian order. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 2, pp. 35-69

Claims to Equality: Langston Hughes’ Utilization of the Word “I”

The black man has struggled for a long time to be considered equal to the white man.   Being called â€Å"African American†, and being given the same rights as other ethnicities in America, is the legitimization of his claim to his American heritage.   â€Å"I, Too† and â€Å"Theme for English B† are some of the poems written by Langston Hughes, an African American poet and writer who is interested in putting a higher stake on the claim by creating poetry which boosts the place of the black man in literature.   â€Å"I, Too† and â€Å"Theme for English B† proclaim the equality of the black man to the white man, but while â€Å"I, Too† sounds like one man conversing with anyone, â€Å"Theme for English B† is addressing the white man directly, in the person of the professor.â€Å"I, Too† may seem like one side of a conversation, but the determination to be recognized as an equal is not any weaker.   There is a quiet confid ence in the narrator when he says â€Å"Besides/ they'll see how beautiful I am/ and be ashamed– /I, too, am America† (Hughes, I. Too lines 15-18).   The â€Å"besides† at the beginning of the stanza makes it conversational and relaxed.   In the first stanza, the narrator says â€Å"but I laugh/and eat well/and grow strong (Hughes, I. Too lines 5-7)† in response to the segregation that black people are suffering.   Though the poem may sound relaxed, the â€Å"treatment† is â€Å"not casual† because it â€Å"speaks of the oppression of the black people and relates to any oppressed group in America† (Mitchell and Henderson 28).Though the laugh that the narrator uses to respond to adversities seems to be too carefree on his part, he is not without a plan.   After all, he talks about getting stronger.   The fight to equality here is not loud, but quieter and more planned.   It can be as serious as an underground plan for a pro test or as simple as improving oneself in order to show that black people are equal to any other race.   The poem itself is testament to that quiet move to prove equality.   Hughes uses the â€Å"I† in his poem not to limit the poem or to become â€Å"introspective†, but like Anglo-American poet, Walt Whitman, to expand.â€Å"Theme for English B† is a more direct claim to equality, made possible through the narrator’s letter to his white professor.   It is a man’s claim to his inheritance, despite being considered by others as unworthy of it because he does not have the expected qualities of an heir.   â€Å"Theme for English B† is said â€Å"to explode the notion of a racially pure self despite the white writing instructor’s insistence on it in the text’s opening exhortation† (Jarraway 833).   The first stanza is the writing instructor’s assignment:   â€Å"Go home and write/ a page tonight./ And let that page come out of you—/ Then, it will be true† (Hughes, Theme for English B lines 1-4).The rest of the poem is the response of the narrator, who believes that since he is young and the only black student in his university, his ideas may be considered unlike those of his professor’s and his classmates’; the ideas, after all, come from a different background.   However, he still believes that no matter how different he is to his writing instructor, they are the same – equal:  Ã‚   â€Å"But it will be/ a part of you, instructor. / You are white—/ yet a part of me, as I am a part of you./ That's American./ Sometimes perhaps you don't want to be a part of me./ Nor do I often want to be a part of you. But we are, that's true!† (Hughes, Theme for English B lines 28-35)   Equality is not limited to being alike because no matter how their colors are different, the professor and the narrator are both Americans, and of course, both hu man.   The poem is about equality in America, but it can well be equality in the world with the narrator declaring himself as a human being with human traits and rights.The two poems from Langston Hughes’ collection of poetry, which speaks about how black people live, struggle and celebrate, are similar in their objective to describe a narrator that moves forward in his goal of being recognized as an equal.   Though Hughes makes use of the â€Å"I† in the wider sense of the word, his writings are also very autobiographical in the sense that his narrators reveal his own views on the state of black America.  Ã‚   What makes his poetry wider and less introspective is the importance of the topics themselves, and their effects on many people and to societal change.The two narrators’ uses of â€Å"I† differ in energy and mood.   The narrator in â€Å"I, Too† claims equality but has a more passive role in the quest for that recognition.   Nevert heless, he has a positive attitude and does not let discrimination destroy him; instead, he strives to be stronger in order to prove himself equal.   On the other hand, the narrator in â€Å"Theme for English B† uses â€Å"I† in relation to â€Å"you†, the other, the white man.   He uses the two pronouns to emphasize the similarity underneath the surface.   Instead of staying put and reacting towards discrimination and segregation, he actively confronts the professor who represents white people.Langston Hughes’ has effectively used â€Å"I† to strongly claim the black man’s rights in America.   In the two poems â€Å"I, Too† and â€Å"Theme for English B,† he shows that no matter how the black man declares his equality, be it passive or active, he is undoubtedly equal to any other man from any other race despite outward differences.Works CitedHughes, Langston. â€Å"I. Too.† n.d.Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Theme for English B.† n.d.Jarraway, David R. â€Å"Montage of an Otherness Deferred: Dreaming Subjectivity in Langston Hughes.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American Literature, Vol. 68, No. 4 (December 1996): 819-847.Mitchell, Arlene Harris and Darwin L. Henderson. â€Å"Black Poetry: Versatility of Voice.† The English  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal, Vol. 79, No. 4 (April 1990): 23-28.