Language of Politics and War Discussing Soviet Communism American Capitalism Course Work

Synopsis: The following article consists of a brief study regarding the principles of Soviet Communism and American Capitalism. The research discusses the role of the populace with regards to the above mentioned constitutions. After giving an introduction to both, the paper will further formulate the consistency of the strategies which have been displayed in the pictures/images provided. The study begins with a briefing of ‘Political Warfare’ where the concept of ‘Totalism’ has also been added to the discussion and an understanding about its influence upon the political manipulations of a nation. Introducing Political Warfare ‘Political Warfare’ is the strategy which is applied upon the opposing nation to retain political benefits without indulging into a direct assault upon the nation. Political warfare deals with manipulating the social economy of the nation into subjugating to the wills and wants of the respective subject using pictures, proclamations and psychological methodologies to obtain one’s national interests. Hence this stratagem which involves the usage of propaganda serves to break or destroy the social and psychological strains of the populace such the nation will evidently give in to the subject’s will. Political Warfare has been introduced as an indirect tactic to reinforce political agendas into another nation without opting for a candid intrusion into the constitution of the hostile nation. Hence this psychological approach which has become a substitute for unswerving military action deprives the nation of its economic sanctions thereby influencing not just the government but aggravating the nation from within. Political warfare is a politically planned arrangement which consists of psychological operations that are operated and finalized accordingly with respect to the nation’s political constitutional make up. It aims at altering the hostile nation’s ideologies that favor the political interests of the nation in power without using hesitant and faltered methods that can endanger a nation’s life force. Introducing Soviet Communism and American Capitalism Soviet Communism: The political constitution which was framed by the Soviet Union back in January 1912 by Lenin, Soviet Communism is an agenda which has been brought forward by the Communist Part of Soviet Union. Proclaimed to have led the Revolution of October 1917, Soviet Communism was the governmental charter that dissolved in 1991 after the Soviet Union collapsed however there are still prevalent regions in Russia which consists of Communist parties leading like the ‘Communist Workers Party of Russia’. Principle of Soviet Communism: It comprises of a single authoritarian which controlled the Soviet Union where the economic system held no distinction between classes. The governmental principle stated that the economic benefits would be shared by all hence obtaining equivalent ownership of goods such that the social order can be maintained growth prospers within the nation. The Communist Society: The Soviet Communism consisted of a classless society which did not indulge in annexation of land and property from the residents less fortunate than themselves. Hence this political regime which was initiated in the Soviet Union where the society could claim property equally such that a common ownership right could be established was the fundamental concept behind commencing a communist populace. The public were simply fractions of a communist country where the culture of communism was sowed such that the benefits of shares and profits could be attained by all the individuals involved. It made the society free of exploitations and financial manipulations. The communist populace contributed by spreading the ideology amongst other localities. Here the sovereignty of chattels and assets could be protected and preserved from voracious hands. Role of Populace: The interests of the communist state came before the statesmen hence the communist citizens were expected to work accordingly such that the country would benefit respectively with successive participation of the communist society. The individuals were expected to work for the country where exploitation, corruption, slacking of work was not exonerated. American Capitalism: American Capitalism came into being around the 1900’s where the basic foundation of this economic doctrine consisted of safeguarding the privatization of property and initiate adequate productivity to obtain maximum investment. Principle of American Capitalism: American Capitalism is another political administration which consisted of an economic system where private ownership rights for property and commodities were permitted as compared to Communism where the ownership is collectively shared by all. The introduction of banks was a part of American capitalism expansion where organization of the commercial funds obtained needed to be secure and sustained. The labor was divided such that the work could be organized, progressive and fastidious such that the accumulation of profits earned by private owners could be facilitated and manageable. The American Capitalist Society American Capitalism has been explained using three major contexts where the ownership rights can be signified accordingly: Markets: American Capitalism aimed at producing goods which could be sold outside or traded outside rather than the goods being manufactured for personal gains. Instead of the goods being directly consumed by the people, they were being sold outside which inevitably caused the nation to starve with deprivation of necessities. Private Ownership: Individuals could own their respective foundations without having a public/governmental authority controlling their market shares and incomes. The investment attained from the establishments belonged to the owners of the enterprises who maintained the right to market not just goods but sell properties as well in exchange for another property or profits. Hiring Labor: Another asset of American Capitalism consisted of entrepreneurs hiring labor force for their specific commercial agendas. Hence these employees who aren’t the owners or shareholders of the company were given an allowance for the work they submitted in the company. Role of Populace: The American Revolution resulted in inventing a capitalist economy where 65% of the labor force consisted of self employed farmers who had legal and private ownerships of their respective properties. Another part consisted of labor force being hired by land lords who’d earn their revenues from the profits that were divided amongst the workers and the title holders. Once slavery was abolished, a new era of commerce began where ex-slaves became sharecroppers and operated firms which were privatized and expanded commercially to large extents. By the 20th century, USA became a full grown capitalist country where 8-12% of the labor force became self employed and self sufficient. Independent foundations were being constructed where proprietors maintained their stand against competition in the commercial market. The Fundamentals behind ‘Totalism’ ‘Totalism’ is the psychological tool which is one of the basic principles of political warfare introduced by psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton. With respect to political dominion, ‘Totalism’ is the technique of brainwashing the audience using eight distinct forms of thought reforms which are considered highly effective in political warfare. Originally introduced in China, the art of mind control consists of a series of modus operandi which must be encrypted in such a manner that the thought processes of the individuals can be modified or altered respectively. Eight Criterions of Thought Transformation: Milieu Control Mystical Manipulation Demand for Purity Confession Sacred Science Loading the Language Doctrine Over Person Dispensing Existence A major example can be given of one of the processes: Using ‘Sacred Science’ If you’ve heard recently about the book published by Dan Brown with regards to the ‘Priory of Sion’ where the cult which consisted of famous science discoverers and researchers waged a politically historic war against the ‘Opus Die’ who’re known for encrypting ‘Totalism’ as a means of establishing followers who believe in only one God and the sacredness of a single entity which formed human kind. The principle behind ‘Sacred Science’ is that a single belief is held, accepted and spread to its followers who cannot go against the dogma of their science. Hence the belief which is respected within the cult is considered morally and scientifically true. The thought reforms of Opus Dei are based upon similar context where they believe that science is unrealistic and that the only science which exists is the science of ‘God’. Thus these extremist views which are harbored by the members and inculcated within the members where the interpretation of ‘God’ is absolutely sacred. Hence they’re basically supposed to follow their spiritual director’s thought reform of ‘Sacred Science’. Consistency of the Concepts The political agendas of a country can be meddled with by using psychological concepts which have proven to be more effective than a direct approach of combat. We’ve realized that the ideology behind portraying pictures of ‘Soviet Communism’ and ‘American Capitalism’ both have had their respective results hence the photographs clearly proclaims the instigation of their influence upon the masses. Conclusion The language of politics and war certainly has a mind of its own. From the many concepts that have been released in the past and implemented, all have their specific means of authorizing the residents of a nation. ‘Totalism’ used by a cult is the basic perception of seizing the thought processes of an individual. By dwindling the mind and ultimately achieving the final stage of submission where the individual is compelled to relate himself with the ideologies of the cult.

Should The Government Make Vaccines Mandatory - 988 Words

The ongoing debate about state-mandated vaccines holds more relevance today than it did in the past. The question is, â€Å"Should the government make vaccines mandatory if the scientific community cannot even prove their effectiveness?† This question has frustrated and confused grandparents, parents and children alike. Common sense would suggest that the vaccines should be proven 100% effective before being introduced to the general population, but everyday thousands of Americans are administered injections having unknown long-term side effects and an unverified success rates. In the traditional school system, students prove they â€Å"know something† by taking a test. A mathematician proves knowledge in their field by corroborating repeatable accuracy on a given equation. The scientific community has its own specified basis for knowledge. â€Å"In the twentieth century, to discover the hidden causes of unpredictable and unknown responses to treatment, medical resea rchers, with the aid of statisticians, have developed a mathematical model to describe and calibrate the complex responses of the human body to therapeutic intervention.† (Marcia L. Meldrum Ph.D) This was known as the earliest form of an RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial). This analysis provided the most effective form of testing by using information derived from past studies on vaccines, using double blind procedures, and using the most accurate software to record and calculate results. During an RCT, a group of healthyShow MoreRelatedAnti Vaccination And Its Effects On Children1479 Words   |  6 Pagesgetting a vaccine. Amy Parker did eat healthy; however, she was still vulnerable of acquiring diseases that could have been prevented by vaccines such as chicken pox and tonsillitis. 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However, it is possible that this type of law could set a president for the government to start making other medical decisions for its citizens. Like all medications vaccines also come with the risk of side effects. Most of them are rather mild some examples would be rashes, headaches, fevers, and things of that nature. HoweverRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe government should mandate vaccinations, and although it would sacrifice the liberty and choice for public health it would keep the well-being and health of everyone much more safe and away from the risk of disease. Most people agree that vaccinations should be mandated because of how being vaccinated keeps people safer in public environments since being vaccinated helps stop diseases from being spread, as proven by science, but people who do not agree with vaccination mandation most of the timeRead MoreIntroduction. 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Potiki Essay Example For Students

Potiki Essay In Pouliuli, a novel written by Albert Wendt, Faleasa Osovae awakens to find the life hes been living all along is a mere facade. Pouliuli invites readers into the Samoan community of Malaelua, which is turned topsy-turvy when Faleasa misleads his aiga and community by acting maniacal. Albert Wendt ties a famous Malaelua saga about a mythological hero named Pili to Faleasa Osovaes life. In the myth as well as in Faleasas story, they both had the same goal, which was to live the rest of their life free. To accomplish this goal, they both had to accomplish three tasks. Pilis tasks were to eat a mountain of fish which the giants had caught that day, to race the giants down a river, and make himself disappear. Faleasas tasks were to destroy Filemoni, Make Moaula the new leader, and remove Sau and Vaelupa as council leader. Of course they couldnt have done these tasks alone so both of them enlisted help from friends. Pili enlisted the help of Tausamitele, Lelemalosi, and Pouliuli. Faleasa enlisted the help of his long time friend Laaumatua and his son Moaula. Finally to get the freedom they so wished for they had to complete one last task. In Pilis case it was to divide his kingdom among his children while Faleasa had to remove Malaga as congress of the village. In the end, they both end up with nothing. Both ending up in the darkness of Pouliuli. In both scenarios there is a mirror image from Pilis saga to Faleasas. In what way are the characteristics of the three allies Pili enlist to help him with his tasks similar to those of Faleasas allies? How are the tasks in Pilis saga similar to Faleasas tasks? Why did Faleasa actually go with his plan when he knew that the end result in Pilis story was tragic?We first recognize the similarities between the mythological saga of Pili to Faleasas life as we are informed of the myth. In Pilis saga as well as in Faleasas story they create a plan that would attain the freedom they are seeking. Pili wants to be restored into a h uman while Faleasa wants to live the remaining years of his life free from the duties he had as a leader. If you set me three tasks and I perform them successfully will you lift the curse off me? (96) In Pilis myth, Pili goes up to the Ninth Heaven to ask for his father, Tagaloaalagi, to restore him into a human. Tagaloaalagi sets three tasks for Pili to do. Pili does all the tasks with the help of Tausamitel and Lelemalosi and gets his wish to be restored human. Faleasa had just described to his lifelong friend his plan and his transformation from what he called cannibal meat into a free angel. (16) Pilis saga is similar to the story of Faleasa. Faleasa has created a plan that would relieve him of the duties as a leader. Both scenarios have three tasks to complete with the help from friends. Also as each tasks is completed the next one gets more challenging. Pili and Faleasa also has to watch out that no one finds out that they are being helped with friends. As each tasks is comple ted the next task gets much tougher. Pili and Faleasa realize that they cant complete these tasks alone so they enlist people that are friends and close to them. I have other allies, Pili replied. Because he had been forbidden to associate with people he had befriended three spirits who lived near his home. They were Tausamitele-Insatiable Appetite, Lelemalosi-Strong Flight, and Pouliuli-Darkeness. It was with these friends that he devised his plans. (95)The allies that Pili enlisted have characteristics that are similar to the allies that Faleasa has enlisted. Lemigao was always hungry, or so it seemed to Osovae. Everywhere they went Lemigao searched for food before he did anything elseHe never refused any offer of food even if he had just eaten a large meal(21)Laaumatua is a mirror image of Tausamitele. Laaumatua and Tausamitele both have unfulfilled appetite. They are continuously hungry and will always be willing to eat even though theyve just eaten. 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The events of EDSA Essay Example

The events of EDSA Essay This paper explores the events of EDSA 3, its viability as a social movement, and assesses how media stirred public opinion and interest as the event unfolded. It does so with reference to some accounts as presented in a distinct form of mass media- newspapers. An attempt was made to illustrate EDSA 3 in a non- linear mode, not to purposely make it fit and be seen as a viable social movement, but rather to reach a fitting explanation to its evolution as reflected on the evidences examined. People Power: An Overview The idea of People Power –almost an indigenous social occurrence this side of the world- reveals certain pervasive beliefs among its critics, participants and proponents. For instance, the church and its members retain it as a culmination of non- violent, and prayerful mass street demonstrations for a greatly noble cause and a truly rewarding religious experience. Its proponents judge it as a justified means of saving the country from disaster in the hands of a tyrant. In EDSA 1, Enrile flew off from the Marcos block due to his excruciating distaste of Marcos’ involvement in numerous irregularities and abuses. In EDSA 2, it ranged from uncontrolled rage stemming from exposes on Estrada’s abuses and alleged involvement in various illegal affairs, his eventual impeachment trial, and most notably, the senator- jurors’ refusal to unveil the truth. People Power 1 and 2 both registered to its advocates as such. With participants mostly comprised of members from the upper and middle classes, the military, business leaders and various cause- oriented groups, the phenomenon emerged as the epitome of a great social awakening to institute a highly- sought after social change. We will write a custom essay sample on The events of EDSA specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The events of EDSA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The events of EDSA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To its critics, the events of both EDSA’s greatly displayed the idea of an â€Å"Imperial Manila† since participants to both events were mostly limited to those from Metro Manila. Amando Doronila described it in his column in the Philippine Daily Inquirer: People power movements have been an Imperial Manila phenomenon. Their playing field is EDSA. They have excluded the provincianos from their movement with their insufferable arrogance and snobbery ignoring the existence of the toiling masses and peasants in agrarian Philippines[1]. Apart from questioning the justification of people power, it also highlights an apparent result of these uprisings. This hint of marginalization occurring in a supposed collective national action, invoked other notable arguments. . Dr. Maria Cynthia Rose Bautista clearly took note of this in her article â€Å"The Revenge of the Elite on the Masses’? † She states: †¦People Power 2 upheld high ethical standards of public service and inspired a new constituency for new politics. Unfortunately, the uprising superseded existing processes in particular the impeachment trial in the senate. Thus, resulting in constitutional ambiguities that sustain the call for Estrada’s reinstatement. From an institutional perspective, Estrada’s ouster through the impeachment process would have been preferable. It could have avoided the constitutional dilemmas that continue to hound Macapagal- Arroyo. But the way events unfolded in January, moral sensibilities and the question of national integrity overrode procedural considerations. In the process, People Power 2 ironically circumvented an institution it had hoped to eventually strengthen. Not surprisingly, this generated problems[2]. It’s logical to say that EDSA 2 stimulated a wide array of consequences, among which is the staging of the pro-Estrada camp of their own version barely 3 months after. Naturally, international media also took notice of the uprising. One editorial article states: †¦Whatever curious legal construction anyone may now attempt to put on the ouster of Estrada, he was ousted by a military coup, with the connivance of the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church, major business groups and two former presidents. This will have any number of consequences, none too pleasant, for the coup makers- and more importantly- for the country. One loser among the coup makers will be Archbishop of Manila, Jaime Cardinal Sin, and his church†¦ Economically, from the standpoint of foreign investors, would you put money into a country whose constitution and legal system are only as reliable as the will and whim of an entrenched oligarchical elite[3]? Many have already discussed the shortcomings of People Power 2. Its deviation from democratic ideals was clearly visible to its observers. Looking at the cited works, both mention the economic, institutional, and judicial repercussions of the staging of EDSA 2. But perhaps the most prominent implication of the uprising was the disregard for the overwhelming mandate that went down the drain with the ousting of Estrada. For our purpose, it is important to highlight the complications that spawned from its staging primarily because EDSA 2, hands down, was the starting point for the more convoluted events that culminated in EDSA 3. Erap and the Masa The plight of the poor Filipino was once again brought to the fore as a consequence of EDSA 2. Theirs has always been a long but enduring struggle to escape centuries- old oppression and exploitation, and seem to be an even longer wait for a defender. Politicians, in turn, have since included the alleviation of the poor folk from poverty in their respective platforms during elections. This is not surprising, though. Logic dictates that they constitute the biggest chunk of the electorate and so remains as a valuable source of much- needed votes. Still, no politician has ever claimed to enjoy the full backing of this enormous social sector. In 1998, however, the country stood face to face with the person who, undoubtedly, commands the respect and adulation of the people he always maintained as his own. Indisputably, Joseph Estrada came from the ranks of the elite, but he defied conventions and was able to transcend the class divide mainly due to his portrayal in his movies of a hero and a champion of the masses. He was perceived as a modern- day Robin Hood, elite without elitist tendencies that the poor often shies away from. Sensed and received by the masses as such, Estrada was catapulted to the presidency with the largest margin in the history of the presidential elections[4]. Estrada clearly recognized that he owed the presidency to the masses. The same people who collectively consolidated their ranks to propel Estrada to the highest position in the land. The masses shared the glory of Estrada’s victory the way they partake of his triumphs in the movies. To them, Estrada’s conquest spells an indication that their suffering days are about to end, that suddenly, they have a chance to make it after all. The ride didn’t last long, though. The masses’ explicit display of support spawned animosity towards the Estrada administration. Without a favor to return to the traditional power brokers in Malacanang, Estrada’s leadership seems doomed upon its inception[5]. With the circumstances surrounding the impeachment trial, the wheels of change turned in favor of the anti- Estrada group. He was eventually ousted and was left to ponder about his torment. Throughout his ordeal, the masa never left his side. Looking at it from the masses’ perspective, Erap’s fall from grace and conviction was a direct attack to their already worn out sensibilities. It’s not a strange tendency for the masses to salvage some pride, or what’s left of it. Estrada need not ask them for aid in his darkest hours. This they showed in a dramatic display of collective strength, the size of which still controversial and highly debatable up to this day, as they amassed in EDSA for their own People Power. [6] EDSA and the Media As it is with EDSA 1 and 2, newspapers ran discussions on the matter with much fervor, thereby stirring public outlook and attention. In this review, three major and widely circulating broadsheets were extensively used, namely, the Philippine Daily Inquirer, The Philippine Star, and Malaya, all of which claim, to some extent, to be the harbingers of truth in print media. Perhaps the most crucial point in the evolution of EDSA 3 was Estrada’s arrest and subsequent detention which aroused a barrage of estimation from a variety of observers. Inquiries ranging from the motive behind the arrest, its implications, its significance, and its aftermath glossed the pages of the nation’s broadsheets. Articles in these dailies present a bevy of opinion pertaining to Erap’s arrest. For instance, an editorial article on the Philippine Daily Inquirer states: And so it comes down to this. For the first time in our history, a former president of the Republic is under arrest. Whatever happens now, in the courtroom and in the streets, it is clear that the nation has just crossed a threshold. We hope the crossover leads to greater political maturity. But let us not deceive ourselves. The potential for backsliding is great. As easy as slipping an agent provocateur into the middle of an angry crowd, yesterday’s milestone can be turned into an occasion to indulge in politics of the worst kind. †¦But the backsliding into political immaturity can also come from Estrada’s supporters. In the days leading to Estrada’s arrest, the lawyerly rhetoric from his defense team struck a starkly different tone from the sloganeering of the die- hard supporters who had massed in Greenhills, San Juan. There is no need to send the troops, the lawyers said; Estrada will â€Å"surrender voluntarily. † But the crowd that gathered at Greenhills mixed that signal completely. That the Estrada camp is quite ready to play the masa card- it is doing so in the present election campaign, running on a rich- versus- poor, us- versus- them theme- can only make an already volatile situation even more uncertain[7] . Easily, the arrest was seen as a step in the right direction for the country. Though viewed as significantly successful, a clear awareness of the possible generation of animosity, especially coming from the masa, was mentioned. Conrado De Quiros share a similar- toned piece: My first reaction was jubilation. The arrest of one Joseph Estrada, ex- president and future con, for plunder, was a shining hour in ways that made even Manny Villar’s brilliant coup in Congress, which began the impeachment trial, and Loren Legarda and Franklin Drilon’s breaking into tears in the Senate, which sealed Erap’s fate, lose some of their luster. It was a shining hour in ways that rivaled even the miracle that was ordinary Filipinos tumbling out of their homes like a flood into the streets to oust a tyrant. [8] The fear of retaliation from the masses was hurriedly dismissed, however, by Art Borjal in his column â€Å"Jaywalker†. He states: Some said that Erap’s arrest will lead to EDSA 3. Wrong. The reality, which is harsh for the allies of Erap, is that many people from the Silent Majority actually wanted the Sandiganbayan to order the arrest of Erap. Now, as Erap’s trial begins and as interest over his arrest wanes, the country can begin in earnest its search for national prosperity and progress. [9] This observation, though, did not pass as a fact, as evidenced by the events that would later unfold. However, it does represent part of the spectrum of opinion concerning Erap’s arrest. The Malaya, meanwhile, presented quite a different view from the aforementioned articles. It states: †¦In an ideal world, the trial of Estrada should be governed by the cold, impartial rules of judicial proceedings. But this case has been driven by politics from the very start. Estrada was the elected president with three more years to go in his term when he was forced to leave Malacanang by a mob. The same mob continues to cry for his head. The complaints filed against him have been rushed to satisfy the mob. This was practically admitted by the Ombudsman when it sought leave from the Sandiganbayan to withdraw five of the eight charges against Estrada. Estrada haters claim sending him to jail or to the death chamber (one case is plunder, which is punishable by death) will serve as a closure to this controversy. How we wish we could agree with them. The cases will drag on. Final resolution could possibly not come within the lifetime of these protagonists. In the meantime, the nation is distracted from the problems facing it. People cannot find work. The take- home pay of those fortunate to hold jobs is being eroded by spiraling prices. The detractors of Estrada might succeed in putting him behind bars. But the people in power might just find that without Estrada to kick around, they would no longer have a convenient excuse for their own incompetence. [10] Far from being critical of Estrada, the article fires back at the proponents of the Estrada ouster and readies them with an impending judgment once the aftermath of the arrest do not come nicely as expected. Characteristically a media frenzy, the actual arrest has these as headlines[11]: The Philippine Star: â€Å"Erap jailed for plunder† Philippine Daily Inquirer: â€Å"This is not the movies† (Joseph Estrada: From Palace to prison) Malaya: â€Å"Erap arrested† Simply gazing at the headline, one can surmise the thrust of the succeeding texts. It’s also equally essential to look at how Erap’s supporters esponded to his arrest as presented in the newspapers. For instance, in Malaya: †¦Up to 6,000 Estrada supporters gathered overnight, then dwindled to a few hundred by morning. Police said the crowd swelled to around 5,000 after the arrest order. †¦Some protesters proceeded to the EDSA shrine from Greenhills for the beginning of what they cl aim to be EDSA 3. †¦Members of the media perceived to be critical of Estrada were pelted with stones and bottles of mineral water. Estrada’s son, JV Ejercito, at one point came out of the family residence to appeal to their supporters to refrain from harming mediamen[12]. What does this entail? The arrest showed how the masses can accrue a crowd if need be. The people who trooped to Greenhills attempted to prevent Erap’s detention, to no avail. More significantly, most of Erap’s supporters viewed his capture as the final nail on their coffin. For them, the administration deliberately caused the arrest to be how it is just to sensationalize the event in the eyes of the public. For the anti- Erap faction, what could be better than this? For Erap’s loyalists, its time to stand up for what they believe in and defend their hero from further humiliation. The succeeding events unfolded at a pace that even seasoned analysts failed to fully grasp. A gathering of Erap’s supporters in the site of two previous people power revolutions confronted the administration after his arrest, prompting them to clamor for a third. As read in the headline ran by the Inquirer: For the supporters of arrested former President Joseph Estrada, a new â€Å"numbers game† has begun. â€Å"Tuloy- tuloy na ito (We’re going all the way),† said former first lady Luisa â€Å"Loi† Ejercito, who spent the night with thousands of demonstrators at the EDSA shrine in Mandaluyong and called the rally â€Å"poor people’s power. †¦the number is expected to swell to 1. 5 million- enough to effectively hold People Power 3[13] Malaya ran a similar story on its front page: Supporters of Joseph Estrada continued to gather at the EDSA Shrine yesterday to protest what they said was the grave injustice committed against the former pr esident. Crowd estimates ranged from a low of 60,000 to a high of 350,000. †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is a spontaneous outburst of the people’s anger against what the Arroyo administration is doing to President Estrada,† said Jesus Crispin Remulla, spokesman of the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino- Puwersa ng Masa[14]. The â€Å"poor people’s power† commenced as the masses’ response to perceived injustice at the hands of the government. Beyond the Facts Among the goals of this paper is to examine the chosen medium’s treatment of the event. As EDSA 3 unfurls and up to its tumultuous conclusion, newspaper columnists spoke of the uprising in varying tones, starting with some of De Quiros’ view of the uprising[15]. He states: †¦The last few days would have shown that the crowd is truly massive. I asked the TV people who interviewed me the last few days about its size and they told me that on the first day alone of the rally it already reached the scale of EDSA II. Not all of those who went there could possibly have been bought or coerced. And I am not so sure that even those who were so did not find the money or religious sanction purely gravy. Nothing but resolute blindness can make anyone fail to appreciate the size of that crowd- the same resolute blindness e- mail writers and â€Å"texters† are accusing the crowd of, calling their rally an exercise in exonerating a thief. De Quiros seem to accept the merits of EDSA 3 along the lines of the â€Å"numbers game†. It can be recalled that unlike print media, major TV networks literally ignored the uprising, with only Net 25 maintaining a substantial amount of coverage. Admittedly, EDSA 3 was at par, if not superior compared to EDSA II in terms of size. He also touched the issue about majority of the participants being of the â€Å"hakot† variety, a line cunningly used by one Malacanang official to downplay the event. But de Quiros was further pointing to another important consideration: The other side of that coin is the call to fight fire with fire, to muster the EDSA II forces to rival the throng at EDSA or to let their sentiments be known through a noise barrage. Several groups who were at the forefront of EDSA II have actually called for that. Some have even suggested police action to rid the EDSA shrine of the plague that has visited it. The last one is idiotic. I have no doubt that crow d includes thugs and hooligans- some of them were caught on TV puncturing the tires of cars, and they have been harassing TV and newspaper reporters- and should be arrested when caught in the act. But to dismiss the throng as nothing more than a riffraff that should be gotten rid of like garbage, that is not to be anti- Erap, that is to be anti- people. Visibly, de Quiros recognizes the danger of an inappropriate handling of the crowd. He castigated the call for a head- on collision between EDSA II forces and the masa, not because of its â€Å"class† intonation, but rather simply because it is not the suitable measure. The masses are airing a legitimate grievance. A violent response therefore, would only create more problems than solutions. He then concludes: You cannot fight â€Å"EDSA III† with mere calls for counter demonstrations, or legal arguments, or even with replaying the impeachment trial on TV. You can only fight it with new story lines, new images, new signs and symbols- which you cannot produce overnight. It is not enough to know what lessons to teach, it is just as vital- if not more so- to know how to teach them. What De Quiros is lobbying here is for a careful study of the nature of grievances since solutions depend on the type of problems they attempt to address. The events in EDSA 3 should bring enough wisdom for the leaders in confronting tribulations. Meanwhile, The Philippine Star’s Max Soliven also penned interesting thoughts on the subject[16]. Playing the numbers, he states: Let’s face it. The pro- Estrada rally at the EDSA shrine was much bigger than the day before. On its second day, the crowd’s numbers had swelled to significant proportions. †¦their streamers proclaiming their â€Å"difference† from EDSA I and EDSA DOS, by calling themselves â€Å"Poor Have Power†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Many observers are shaking their heads or that the 5,000 or so arriving at the scene belong to the rent-a-crowd and were brought by hakot. Like de Quiros, Soliven find the size of the crowd hard to dismiss, but with a much stringer reference to the â€Å"hakot† phenomenon. He then continues: Let’s hope the situation simmers down, the protesters lose steam, and things begin to return to normal. And yet, what did we expect? When you glorify a mob surging into the streets as a glorious revolution of â€Å"People Power†, what can you call a similar mob whose sentiments are on â€Å"the other side†? As for me, I believe the attempt to arouse an EDSA III in favor of the imprisoned ex- President Erap will peter out- but we’ll have to see. One thing is clear: the former chief executive is in jail, and he’ll stay there. The Armed Forces and the Philippine National Police, after all, having â€Å"switched† once, aren’t ready to switch around again. That’s the long and short of it. Soliven’s lines here appear perilous. He anchored everything to Erap languishing in prison and to police/ military adventurism. Very little was stated about the legitimacy of the uprising but rather, more on its demerits. Paredes also gave his outlook on the uprising[17]. He begins: As I write this piece in the early morning of Thursday, a crowd is gathering again at EDSA and Ortigas Avenue. It is an angry crowd, unlike the perfumed one that gathered there in January and caused a change in governments. This one is also unplanned, unlike the earlier one which, after reading all of the pieces claiming credit for what happened, had to have been meticulously planned from Day One. This is quite an opening for Paredes. He lavishly attacked EDSA 2 while legitimizing EDSA 3 with just a few lines going. He employs the classic elite vs. masa plot to set his story on course. He continues: The police felt a great need to show force. Eventually, they used water cannons to disperse the crowd in front of the house on Polk St. in Greenhills and finally arrested Erap. No handcuffs were placed on the former president. No rough stuff was used except on the crowd, made up exclusively of the poor and the economically disadvantaged. Is this- what is going on at EDSA- something that will go away to be dismissed as just another gathering of the downtrodden who do not, anyway, have what it takes to change things in the manner that the elite that calls itself the Civil Society has perfected into a science? Or is this something that will end only with another change in administration? He repeatedly highlighted his design to pit the masses against the elite with his succeeding lines. Evidently, for Paredes, what’s brewing at EDSA, as being led by the pro- Erap crowd has the makings of an offshoot to the elite- led EDSA 2. He then concludes: The crowd continues to gather. EDSA, according to the radio, is no longer passable. But this is still early in the morning. Maybe, the police will come around, break a few heads, use their water cannons and clear the roads in time for the morning traffic. And then, again, they may not and the crowd could continue to grow and grow and grow. Whichever way this particular development goes, it is something that we Pinoys wished on ourselves. Thus, there is nothing to complain about. This is apparently what we always wanted to happen to us. That is the underlying theme to all these. This is part of the secret wish of the elite- to see the rise of the underclass and have them claim their rightful place in society. After all, if this were not the case, why else are we allowing this to happen to us? A masa- led uprising similar to EDSA 2 is highly probable for Paredes, he even sound to be endorsing it. It will not be surprising perhaps, to find his succeeding articles approving a masa uprising. What’s been already checked here are some articles before the tragic attempt of the pro- Erap crowd to seize power in Malacanang. A review of the articles after the â€Å"rebellion† reveals yet again a variety of inputs. To start with, an editorial piece points out: †¦When the smoke cleared, three persons were dead and scores were wounded on both sides. The orgy of violence also saw several stores being looted, many windows broken and several vehicles battered and burned. At least 50 demonstrators were arrested in the course of the violent dispersal- all of them unknown. In fact, none of the prominent political personalities believed to have organized, financed or encouraged the pro- Estrada demonstrations was seen at Mendiola or J. P. Laurel Street when violence erupted. It was Estrada’s loyal masa who took the fight to the palace gates; it was the same masa that bore the brunt of government’s counteraction. Now, they will have to answer for the violence, the vandalism, the arson and the looting[18]. The collective screams that reverberated in EDSA, the grand display of enormous numerical capacity, and everything acceptable that has happened in that junction, turned disastrous with the crowd’s motion to proceed to Malacanang, and with it, a multitude of criticisms thrown from all fronts by detractors waiting for an opening. The ploy was seen as the handiwork of the opportunistic politicians backfiring tragically to the masses. The supposed leaders took turns denying their involvement, as seen in this article: Even JV Ejercito, one of his (Estrada’s) sons, has denied involvement, telling GMA- 7 in Taglish:† This is a spontaneous gathering, there were no leaders. If just one person agitates the crowd, the rest will follow because they are emotional. I did my part in pacifying them. [19]† This one comes from a family- member of the supposed aggrieved party. This is how it goes coming from an alleged â€Å"agitator†: â€Å"I totally deny that I was a participant to any cabal act or movement to undermine the stability of the Republic. † Enrile told reporters at Camp Crame. But they have to restudy the meaning of rebellion. What happened today does not fit the meaning of rebellion. I should know. I was arrested many times before for rebellion. † He said, adding: â€Å"The government is very nervous about what happened (in Malacanang). There is some degree of the government being threatened. But the declaration is not justified. [20]† Enrile, along with then reelectionist senators Defensor- Santiago, Honasan, and Lacson denied having any involvement with the decision of the crowd to march and stun Malacanang. Seemingly circular arguments of challenging the legality of their incoming arrest dominate Enrile and his companion’s post- EDSA 3 talk. Government allies, meanwhile, wasted no time condemning the siege and the people they perceive to be behind it: â€Å"I support strong moves at this time. They should be investigated and charged in court if there is evidence,† said Drilon, a former Senate President and justice secretary. Winnie Monsod, another PPC candidate, scoffed at claims by Estrada’s allies that no one was leading the loyalist protest. â€Å"Who is the fool who will believe that this is a spontaneous action? They’re trying to fool us. It was executed with military precision. [21]† We can go on enumerating the accusations and denials of the protagonists, for there’s quite abundance. We will not delve into them, though. Of utmost importance is the detectable outcome of the uprising to the masses. Once more, we go back to the Opinion section of our chosen medium, and see how it treats the aftermath of the struggle. Firstly, in de Quiros’ column[22]: †¦But there is a drug more powerful than shabu, and that is anger. Maybe some of them have taken shabu, but most, if not all, of them would have been overdosing only on anger. An anger they had felt all their lives for getting a raw deal on life, an anger that had been whetted, like the appetites of ferocious dogs kept without food in kennels for days, by the relentless stoking of wounds by Enrile, Santiago, Gregorio Honasan, Panfilo Lacson, Ernesto Maceda, and their ilk. An anger that had then been pointed in the direction of the government- or more than the government, society itself- like those same starved ferocious dogs unleashed from the kennels with the instruction: Kill! De Quiros probed into the heart of it- the masses’ felt sentiments. The agitators, to him, were condemnable for using the masa’s emotions accumulated in EDSA. After all, it is the image of their hero being routinely maltreated that served as the impetus for their coming together in one enormous assembly. Over and above the prodding of Enrile and company, it is an expression of restrained rage. Secondly, here’s a glimpse at Borjal’s thoughts on the subject[23]: Whoever conceptualized and implemented the scrpt that led to the storming of Malacanang by Erap fanatics must have been a disciple of Adolf Hilter. Apparently, he utilized Hitler’s techniques in brainwashing, mind- control and mass hysteria. And he knew the pawns he would use- unlettered, drug- crazed robots who would sway and move with his every command. It appears clear to Borjal that the masses were in a severely questionable state of mind, thus being easily manipulated, and controlled by the initiator of the tragic uprising. In essence, in no way that it occurred to him that those who trooped to the palace acted on impulse. Lastly, a look at the presentation of Paredes[24]: While the poor will quiet down, the turmoil is not quite over. There will again be flare- ups of the magnitude of what is called EDSA 3 at the most unexpected times. Watch for them. They came to us with a list of grievances and no one among the ruling classes gave them the time of day. Even in Fort Sto. Domingo in Sta. Rosa Laguna, Erap, the object of their loyalty is surrounded by the poor who, even as he was being brought to the seven- hectare co mpound, were demonstrating in front of the camp for his freedom. Paredes kept to his stance. Until that point, it’s still a case of the elite and its representatives blatantly discounting the masses’ grievances. Conclusions Drawing conclusive lessons or predictions from the circumstances surrounding EDSA 3 would have been more viable if done by an actual participant or an ardent observer of this phenomenon. But then, again, the examination performed on the various accounts somehow lends enough courage to the writer to craft a few. To start with, of the three broadsheets utilized in this study, the Philippine Daily Inquirer somehow represents a middle ground. Noticeable in the works cited from the Inquirer is an attempt to at least veer away from giving sweeping statements that will exclusively venerate one side or conveniently condemn another. The Philippine Star, meanwhile, appeared to be strikingly critical of the uprising. Its pages reveal some attempts to downplay the struggle either by discrediting the participants or heavily slamming the leaders. Malaya is stunningly pro- Erap. Only recently this researcher found the rational for Ducky Paredes’ support to the Estrada camp. Paredes and Estrada were classmates at the Ateneo. In fairness to Paredes, he maintained his position all throughout. Hopefully not a case of over reading, EDSA 3 revealed a hideous side to the church. Though not presented in the paper, the Church’s hand is highly visible in affecting the course of the event. The church leaders made it clear that the demonstrators desecrated the Shrine what with the filth they generated during their weeklong dissent. Unfortunately, it appears that the Church was more concerned with the physical aspect of the Shrine rather than the spiritual attachments the struggle created. Also, a clear attempt to counter the masa with the People Power moral forces was arguably, a dangerous proposition to make. If so, what then was it aiming to achieve? It could have been a bigger disaster than the â€Å"rebellion† if it materialized. Finally, the consequent declaration of a â€Å"state of rebellion† sum up the government’s handling of the event and confronting the masses’ protest. It summarized the whole duration of EDSA 3 into that violent episode, after that, no more. It summarily referred to the EDSA 3 crowd as a crowd that was stirred up and incited by vague leader- provocateurs, which acted mainly upon the whims of its organizers. In the end, most point toward an EDSA 3 that will never be mentioned in the same breath as its predecessors. A movement that for a moment will be defined by the cause of its demise instead of its origins. A struggle by a vast majority judged from its appearance and facade. A dissent that echoes as part of a greater struggle- that of the masa’s unending quest to obtain for itself a taste of fair dealing and sameness. Appendix A MALACANANG MANILA PROCLAMATION NO. 38 DECLARING A STATE OF REBELLION IN THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION WHEREAS, the angry and violent mob, armed with explosives, firearms, bladed weapons, clubs, stones and other deadly weapons, in great part coming from the mass gathering at the EDSA shrine, and other armed groups, having been agitated and incited and, acting upon the instigation and under the command and direction of known and unknown leaders, have and continue to ass